Quiz 4: Pulm, Reprod, GI, MSK Flashcards
lung anatomy
right lung is slightly larger with 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes
type 1 pneumocytes
line alveolar surface
form air-blood barrier
type 2 pneumocytes
secrete surfactant (a detergent that reduces surface tension to prevent the lungs from collapsing)
type 3 pneumocytes
phagocytose things missed by cilia and mucus
alveoli are lined by
pneumocytes (type 1,2,3)
for an O2 molecule to reach Hgb…
the O2 molecule must pass through 5 cell membranes to reach the Hgb within an erythrocyte
inspiration
air enters trachea
lungs expand
chest wall moves out
diaphragm moves down
muscle contraction (energy expenditure)
expiration
lungs recoil
chest wall moves in
diaphragm moves up
air exits
alveolar ventilation calculation
Va= (Vt - Vd) x RR
tracheoesophageal fistula
hole between trachea and esophagus in baby (when the hole btw the trachea and foregut in fetus does not close fully)
lungs are derived from
endoderm in fetus
hypoventilation
insufficient ventilation
blood becomes too acidic
from morphine, obesity, sleep apnea
hyperventilation
overventilation
an issue bc blowing off too much CO2, blood becomes alkalotic
from pain attacks, anxiety, brain stem injury
hypoxemia
low arterial O2
from heart defects, pulmonary shunts
hypoxia
low tissue O2
from anemia, CO poisoning
pulmonary hypertension
high pressure in lungs
from tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency (right heart sided issues)
cheyne strokes respiration
patho: loss of coordination from cerebellum and medulla oblongata
signs: rapid breaths w periods of apnea
etiology: death bed (as cerebral cortex dies before medulla)
bronchitis
“blue bloater”
signs: productive cough, prolonged expiration, cyanosis, dyspnea, polycythemia (blood thickens as tissue becomes hypoxic, think epo stim)
etiology: right heart failure=pulmonary edema + fluid accumulation
asthma
inflammation and narrowing of airways
bronchospams occur
eventually.. fibrotic deposition
neurons that communicate w medulla oblongata
baroreceptors
proprioceptors
pulmonary stretch receptors
aortic and carotid chemoreceptors
croup
cough in children
emphysema
alveolar destruction
loss of elastic recoil
pink puffer (barrel chest)
imbalance btw proteases and antiproteases
chronic bronchitis
bronchial edema
cystic fibrosis
an autosomal recessive disorder
patho: defective epithelial chloride ion transport, effects chromosome 7, abnormal expression of protein CFTR, decreases mucociliary action, increased adherence of bacteria, increased neutrophils.. due to malfunction of an epithelial ion pump
manifestations: mucus plugging, chronic cough, infection, inflammation, severe recurrent pneumonia, causes pancreatic insufficiency
diagnosis: chloride sweat test (will have increased chloride concentration)
treatment: pulmonary health and nutrition, releasing mucus
tuberculosis
patho: bacteria lodge into sides of lungs and then multiply, cause lung inflammation.
tubercules (lesions) that form around bacteria to kill it.
scar tissue forms around tubercule.
signs: chronic cough, fever, spitting up blood
metabolic acidosis
increased H concentration
metabolic alkalosis
decreased H concentration
respiratory acidosis
increased pCO2 (retention of carbon dioxide)
respiratory alkalosis
excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide
normal blood hemoglobin
15 g/dL
high arterial carbon dioxide
indicates inadequate ventilation
forced vital capacity
max air exhaled
forced expiratory vol in 1 sec
max air exhaled out in 1 sec
normal= 80+%
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air during deepest inspiration
expiratory reserve volume
how much is left in lungs after expiration
residual volume
air left in lungs that will always be there so they do not collapse
adequacy of ventilation is best evaluated by
arterial pCO2
IS in obstructive diseases
FEV1/FVC ratio is below 70%
IS in restrictive diseases
FEV1 is normal but FVC is low
asthma
patho: increased airway resistance
etiology: allergies, infection
manifestations: chronic inflammation of airways, causes smooth muscles to contract strongly
treatment: decrease inflammation, overcome excessive smooth muscle contraction w bronchodilators
bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchi
can collapse easily
pulmonary edema can be caused by
lymph obstruction
increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
increased capillary permeability
digital clubbing
nail angle greater than 180
distal hyperplasia
r/t chronic hypoxia
intubation
protects airway during anesthesia
tracheostomy
used to bypass obstructed airway, allows for breathing tube
female external genitalia
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, vestibule of vagina, clitoris, vulva
menstrual cycle
event: ovulation
phases: menstrual, follicular/proliferative, luteal phases
menstrual phase- days 1-5, estrogen and progesterone are low, corpus luteum is progressing, endometrial lining falls off, LH and FSH increase, follicles are stimulated to mature
follicular/proliferative phase- days 7-12, maturation of ovarian follicle, proliferation of endometrium. on day 7, a single follicle becomes dominant, estrogen increases. days 12-13, surge of LH induced by increased estrogen, ovulation starts to occur.
luteal phase- days 15-25, ovulation marks this phase, corpus luteum forms w lower LH and increased progesterone and estrogen. days 25-28 corpus luteum degenerates and all hormones go back to normal, new cycle will begin
amenorrhea
failure to have menses
primary- never occurs (caused by congenital defects, excessive excessive, tumor, anorexia)
secondary- loss of normal menstrual cycles (caused by pregnancy and menopause, anorexia, excessive exercise, stress)
menarche
first menstrual event
avg age 12.5
