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PATHO > Exam 2 Neuro + Endo > Flashcards

Exam 2 Neuro + Endo Flashcards

1
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages

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2
Q

axons

A

propagate action potentials to send to other cells

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3
Q

what determines conductivity of a neuron

A

diameter of axon and myelin covering

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4
Q

larger diameter of axon

A

faster transmission

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5
Q

baroreceptors

A

internal pressure

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6
Q

nocireceptors

A

pain

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7
Q

chemoreceptors

A

flavor, odor, O2, CO2, osmolarity

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8
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch and pressure

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9
Q

photochemicals

A

light

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

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11
Q

afferent somatic

A

sensory pathways, ascend to CNS

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12
Q

efferent somatic

A

motor pathways

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13
Q

what is required for axons to regrow

A

schwann cells

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14
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most common, motor neurons and cognitive function

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15
Q

bipolar neurons

A

rare, connects rods and cones to retina

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16
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A

afferent somatosensory neurons

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17
Q

gyri

A

ridges in cerebrum

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18
Q

sulci

A

grooves in cerebrum

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19
Q

forebrain

A

largest part of brain, contains cerebrum and corpus callosum

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20
Q

cerebrum

A

responsible for higher thought, divided into left and right hemispheres

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21
Q

corpus callosum

A

responsible for communication between hemispheres

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22
Q

midbrain

A

contains tegmentum

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23
Q

tegmentum

A

responsible for attention and awareness

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24
Q

hindbrain

A

contains most of brainstem

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25
Q

cerebellum

A

responsible for balance

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26
Q

pons

A

responsible for equillibrium

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27
Q

medulla oblongata

A

responsible for autonomic function

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28
Q

frontal lobe

A

responsible for personality, decision making, reasoning

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29
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory (pain, touch, pressure)

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30
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and visual-spatial orientation

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31
Q

occipital lobe

A

sight

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32
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

loss of speech production

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33
Q

wernickes aphasia

A

lack of speech reception

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34
Q

dysphasia

A

defect in somatic language processing

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35
Q

spinal tap

A

in subarachnoid space, between arachnoid and pia mater

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36
Q

stroke

A

disruption of cranial circulation

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37
Q

4 main areas of stroke

A

ACA
MCA
PCA
basilar artery

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38
Q

anterior cerebral artery stroke

A

frontal and parietal lobes
contralateral hemiplegia
affects primarily legs
imitation problems

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39
Q

middle cerebral artery stroke

A

parietal and temporal lobes
contralateral hemiplegia
affects arms more
aphasia and apraxia

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40
Q

posterior cerebral artery stroke

A

visual and sensory loss
dizziness

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41
Q

basilar artery stroke

A

locked in syndrome

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42
Q

hemiplegia

A

half of the body/part does not function

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43
Q

contralateral

A

R side injury affects L side of face

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44
Q

thrombic stroke

A

stationary clot

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45
Q

embolic stroke

A

moving clot

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46
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

ruptured vessel

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47
Q

lacunar stroke

A

deep vessel occlusion
rt smoking, diabetes, fat

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48
Q

methylprednisone

A

blocks inflammation

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49
Q

ventral

A

motor

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50
Q

dorsal

A

sensory

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51
Q

somatogenic pain

A

has a cause, nocireceptive or neuropathic

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52
Q

nociceptive pain

A

burning or aching, arises in receptors.

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53
Q

neuropathic pain

A

arises in nerves, pins needles and numbness

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54
Q

psychogenic pain

A

no physical cause diagnsosed, etiology in cerebral cortex

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55
Q

pain threshold

A

point at which pain is experienced

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56
Q

perceptual dominance

A

the most severe pain is detected only even when multiple problems

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57
Q

pain tolerance

A

duration/intensity of pain that can be endured

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58
Q

3 theories of pain

A

gate control
specificity of pain
neuromatrix theory

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59
Q

acute pain

A

sudden, generally short lived

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60
Q

chronic pain

A

3+ months

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61
Q

referred pain

A

stimulation of associated dorsal root ganglia

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62
Q

what makes gates open

A

stress and tension
mental factors
lack of fitness

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63
Q

what makes gates close

A

medications
relaxation and contentment
metnal factors
counter stimulation

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64
Q

endorphins mimic…

A

analgesics

65
Q

gate control theory

A

if gates in the dorsal horn of the spinal chord re open, more pain messages can pass to the brain

66
Q

AB neurons

A

large and myelinated
quick
activated by nonnoxious stimuli

67
Q

A8 neurons

A

small and myelinated
activated by noxious stimuli

68
Q

C neurons

A

slowest and smallest, not myelinated
activated by pain and temp

69
Q

noxious stimuli

A

sharp and intense

70
Q

non-noxious stimuli

A

light touch, hair movement

71
Q

sleep

A

decreased arousal from which one is easily aroused, a basic drive

72
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement, 25% of sleep time
occurs every 90 minutes starting 1-2 hours after nonrem starts

73
Q

Non REM sleep

A

slow wave sleep

74
Q

signs of acute pain

A

dilated pupils
anxiety
tachycardia
nausea

75
Q

primary hypersomnia

A

idiopathic excessive sleeping

76
Q

secondary hypersomnia

A

may be related to disordered breathing or depression

77
Q

parasomnia

A

unusual behaviors during sleep

78
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking

79
Q

night terrors

A

sudden apparent arousals with intense emotions. no memory after, difficult to arouse

80
Q

apraxia

A

defect in planned movement (idea, plan, execution)

81
Q

agnosia

A

to not know, failure of primary sensory. usually affects only one sense

82
Q

neuromatrix theory of pain

A

new neuropathways create pain

83
Q

specificity theory of pain

A

intensity of pain is directly linked to how much tissue is harmed

84
Q

right side of brain

A

nonverbal and artistic abilities, proprioception

85
Q

left side of brain

A

analytical and methodical. SPEECH and verbal comprehension, initiating memory

86
Q

proprioception

A

perception of place in space

87
Q

upper motor neurons

A

CNS driven
hypertonia

88
Q

lower motor neurons

A

PNS driven
hypotonia

89
Q

hypertonia

A

quick and strong reflexes

90
Q

spasticity

A

abnormal increase in muscle tone associated w hyperexcitability of stretch reflexes

91
Q

hypotonia

A

decreased reflexicity

92
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

cluster of 4 conditions that occur together and increase risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.

93
Q

action potential steps

A
  1. resting (more Na outside and more K inside)
  2. depolarizing (increase, Na flooding in)
  3. repolarizing (relax, K leaving)
  4. resting (Na outside and K inside)
94
Q

direct hormone effects

A

obvious changes in response to hormone

95
Q

permissive hormone effects

A

one hormone allows another to work

96
Q

upregulation

A

low concentration of hormone increasing number of receptors per cells

97
Q

downregulation

A

high concentration of hormone decreasing number of receptors per cell

98
Q

trophic hormone

A

acts on endocrine glands

99
Q

glucagon

A

inverse to glucose
stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis when low blood glucose

100
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breaks down glycogen in liver

101
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

breaks down lipids in liver and adipose tissue

102
Q

islets of langerhans

A

in pancreas
containing alpha beta and delta cells

103
Q

alpha cells

A

secretes glucagon
antagonistic to beta

104
Q

beta cells

A

secretes insulin

105
Q

delta cells

A

regulate alpha and beta cells by secreting somatostatin

106
Q

f cells

A

secrete pancreatic polpypeptides

107
Q

normal fasting glucose

A

70-100mg/dL

108
Q

hypoglycemia signs

A

cold
sweaty/diaphoretic
altered mental state
jittery + irritable
headache

109
Q

hyperglycemia signs

A

tachycardia
pallor
palpitations
tremors

110
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin
acts on hypothalamus and pituitary
regulates circadian rhythm

111
Q

hypothalamus gland

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones
acts on anterior pituitary
regulates anterior pituatary

112
Q

anterior pituatary gland

A

secretes trophic hormones
acts on endocrine glands
regulates growth and development

113
Q

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH (follicle stimulating)
LH (luteinizing)
GH (growth)
TSH (thyroid stimulating)
PRL (prolactin)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)

114
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

secretes trophic hormones
acts on endocrine glands
regulates growth and development

115
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

secretes ADH and oxytocin
ADH= vessels+kidneys, regulates water retention
Oxytocin= uterus+mammary, regulates uterine contraction

116
Q

thyroid gland

A

secretes T3,T4 and calcitonin
T3T4= increases basal metabolic rate
calcitonin= regulates blood Ca (decreases Ca)
stimulated by TSH produced by anterior pituitary

117
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes glucocorticoids and aldosterone
glucocorticoids=acts on liver+muscles, regulates glucose metabolism
aldosterone=acts on kidneys, regulates Na retention and K secretion

118
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine
acts on heart, bronchioles, vessels
regulates adrenergic stimulation

119
Q

ovary

A

secretes estradiol and progesterone
regulates female secondary sex characteristics

120
Q

testes

A

secretes testosterone
regulates male secondary sex characteristics

121
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin and glucagon
insulin= glucose uptake
glucagon= acts on liver, regulates glycogen and fat hydrolysis

122
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

overproduction of growth hormone by pituitary gland
acromegaly

123
Q

hypothalamus gland

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones
acts on anterior pituitary
regulates anterior pituitary

124
Q

peptide hormones

A

hydrophilic + circulate freely
work quickly

125
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

hydrophobic
work slow, transported by carrier protein
steroid and thyroid

126
Q

levels of consciousness (most to least aware)

A

1.locked in syndrome
2.minimally conscious/akinetic mutism
3.unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
4.cerebral death/irreversible coma
5.brain death

127
Q

glasgow coma scale

A

assesses eye opening, verbal response, and motor response
scored out of 15

128
Q

CRS-R scale

A

used for TBIs only
categorizes wakefulness stages (before emerging from coma)

129
Q

ranchos los amigos scale

A

long term categorization of response (after emerging from coma)
for TBIs only

130
Q

MTBI

A

concussion
does not always include LOC

131
Q

2nd impact syndrome

A

repeated conscussions
fatal

132
Q

cerebral palsy

A

upper motor neuron issue
abnormal brain developmental before birth
spastic, poor posture

133
Q

ALS

A

lower motor neuron issue
idiopathic+progressive

134
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

lower motor neuron issue
chronic+autoimmune

135
Q

dystonia

A

sustained muscle contractions

136
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

destruction of CNS myelin
inflammatory+autoimmune

137
Q

hemiparalysis

A

one sideded loss of motor function

138
Q

paraparalysis

A

lower extremety loss of motor function

139
Q

quadripalegia

A

both upper and lower extremely loss of function

140
Q

alzheimer disease

A

accumulation of beta amyloid plaques in the brain
decreases volume+size of brain
gyri thin
sulci widen

141
Q

huntington disease

A

autosomal dominant
chromosome 4
loss of GABA bc of degeneration of basa ganglia
hypotonia+chorea

142
Q

chorea

A

involuntary fragmented “riding” movement

143
Q

parkinson disease

A

degeneration of ganglia and depletion of dopamine
treat w levodopa

144
Q

what determines sensitivity of a cell

A

number of cells

145
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin deficient
genetic

146
Q

insulin

A

anabolic hormone promoting glucose uptake (moves glucose out of blood and into cells by binding to GLUT on plasma membranes)

147
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistant
lifestyle factors

148
Q

signs of diabetes

A

polyuria (excessive voids)
polydipsia (excessive thirst)
unexplained weight loss

149
Q

angiopathy w diabetes

A

basement cell membranes thicken
decreased blood flow=increased risk of infection

150
Q

acenthosis

A

dark plaques on the skin
sign of insulin excess

151
Q

ketosis

A

buildup of ketone bodies

152
Q

graves disease

A

a form of hyperthyroidism in younger adults + women
autoimmune
eye bulging

153
Q

hyperthyroidism signs

A

r/t increased metabolism…
increased tissue sensitivity
heat intolerance
lower body weight

154
Q

hypothyroidism causes

A

congenital
iodine deficiency
iatrogenic

155
Q

neuroglia

A

supporting cells of CNS

156
Q

astrocytes

A

form blood brain barrier

157
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic cells that remove debris

158
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines ventricles and secretes CSF

159
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

deposit myelin
same as schwann cells in PNS

PATHO (4 decks)

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