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SOCI 201 > Quiz #4 - Module 7&8 > Flashcards

Quiz #4 - Module 7&8 Flashcards

1
Q

Auguste Comte’s Model on progression of human society

A
  • idea that society has passed through 3 stages
    1. Ideological stage: people fethize things and believe in dieties
    2. Metaphysical Stage: abstraction of belief in objective/concrete
    3. Positive Stage: scientific thinking is preeminent
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2
Q

Growth and Development

A
  • both signal progression but are not the same
  • growth can occur without development, but development cannot occur without growth
  • growth is quantitative
  • development is qualitative
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3
Q

Adam Smith (1776) – Nature and Causes of Wealth

A
  • insatiability of human wants
  • utilization of resources (politics)
  • enhanced productivity
  • need to increase satisfaction
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4
Q

Thomas Hobbes ideas on Progression of Human Society

A
  • Astronomical population growth
  • defends materialism (view that only material things are real)
  • social contract (political philosophy)
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5
Q

Class

A
  • main term used to talk about social inequality (especially by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)
  • class is relational and reflects the relationship of people to what he called the means of production
  • means of production is the resources needed to produce goods and are capital
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6
Q

Marx identified two possible relationships to the means of production:

A
  • Bourgeoisie: collective of capitalists who own the means of production
  • Proletariat: are the class of workers who succeeded the peasant class of the pre-industrial era
  • Furter identified subclasses:
  • Petty (petite) bourgeoisie: small-time owners with little capital
  • Lumpenproletariat: small-time criminals, beggars, unemployed
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7
Q

Marx’s Historical Context

A
  • he wrote at the height of the industrial revolution
  • dialectical materialism occurred with the prevalence of laissez-faire market practices and the struggle between capitalist interests and workers rights
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8
Q

Corporate Identity

A
  • AKA organic identity
  • according to Marx, each class has a corporate or organi identity as a real social group
  • each class has a shared sense of common purpose that is rooted in class consciousness
  • An awareness of what is in the best interests of one’s class
  • The owner class always possesses class consciousness
  • The workers had false consciousness, a belief that something is in one’s best interests when it is not
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9
Q

Weber’s Critique of Marx and social inequality

A
  • also saw society as divided into economic class, but though there was more to it than the ownership of means of production
  • stressed 3 elements that contribute to social equity
    1. wealth: factories, other property to make money or that are highly respected by other members of society
    2. Prestige: degree of respect an individual and their socially valued possessions are viewed by people of society
    3. Power: ability of individuals or groups to achieve their goals despite the opposition of others
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10
Q

Curtis, Grabb and Guppy adapting Marx’s ideas to Canadian society

A
  • dominant capitalist class: composed of those who own or control large scale production
  • Middle class: representing a mixed, middle category of small business people, educated professional-technical or administrative personnel
  • working class: people who lack resources or capacities apart from their own labour power
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11
Q

class and sports

A
  • connected concepts
  • like golf and tennis associated with the wealthy class
  • Sports that offer people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds opportunities to achieve financial rewards are called mobility sports
  • E.g., basketball, soccer, boxing
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12
Q

Social stratification

A
  • describes society as though it is divided into a series of layers
  • stratum is a group to which people belong on the basis of their income, education
  • strata are used as units of analysis in stratified sampling (research method in which equal samples are drawn from each stratum of the population
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13
Q

What is a quintile

A
  • Quintile is a segment, or stratum, representing each of five equal groups into which the population is divided
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14
Q

How does a quintile explain social class

A
  • each of the 5 segments makes up 20% of the population
  • income inequality can be measured by comparing the income of quintiles
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15
Q

how does ideology explain social class

A
  • ideology is a set of beliefs about society and the people in it usually forming the basis of particular economic or political theory
  • arguments and ideas pertaining to social inequality are shaped by ideology
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16
Q

what is dominant ideology

A
  • set of beliefs put forward and generally supportive of society’s dominant culture or class
  • trickle down theory states that if the wealthy are given the freedom to generate more wealth, others in society will benefit
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17
Q

Neoliberal Ideology

A
  • dominant ideology that views the individual as an independent player on the sociological scene
  • reflects a belief in a great deal of social mobility
  • downplays concerns over social inequality (american dream rests on work ethic)
  • in the case of failure it often results in blaming the victim
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18
Q

what is counter-ideology

A
  • offers a critique of a dominant ideology challenges its justice and its universal applicability to societies
  • seek to create social change
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19
Q

hegemony

A
  • antonio gramsci was a critic of the dominant ideology
  • explain the prevalence of the dominant ideology he used the term hegemony
  • this is a set of non-coercive method of maintaining power used by the dominant class (media, education system)
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20
Q

Dependency Theory

A
  • global capitalism: the global system is made up of the core countries (capitalist west), the semi-peripheral countries of the emerging nations and the periphery (least developed countries)
  • continued annexation and exploitation: global inequalities are historical - the dominant west os dependent on the wealth of the peripheries to develop right from slavery to colonialism
  • Neo-colonialism: the old strategies of colonialism have been rebranded in many ways (international trade, multinational corps, etc)
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21
Q

food banks

A
  • indicator of social inequality in canada
  • food banks use increased by 28% from march 2008 to 2017
  • In March 2018 it was further observed that 45% single person households and 19% single parents
22
Q

minimum wage

A
  • lowest hourly rate a person can be paid to work
  • often the easiest jobs to replace with automation
23
Q

living wage

A
  • represents a target above minimum wage
  • too low for the “working poor” to live on
24
Q

Canada’s 1%

A
  • 2011 Occupy movement raised awareness for the fact that 1% of the world population controlled 99% of the worlds wealth
  • Canada’s disparities were no better
  • in 3 days, Canada’s top 100 CEO earn as much as the average Canadian does in a year
  • In 2010, the highest paid CEO’s salary was 189 times that of the average Canadian. In comparison to 1995 when the best-paid CEO’s salary was 85 times that of the average Canadian
  • suggests Canada’s inequality is increasing
25
Q

what is race?

A
  • spurious and controvertible categorization of humans that lack scientific backings
  • promotes social inequalities
  • “race” was applied to human during European colonial expansion in the 16th and 17th centuries
  • reflects beliefs of biological superiority and inferiority in the context of colonial power
26
Q

Racialization

A
  • social process in which human groups are viewed and judged as essentially different in terms of their intellect. morality, values, and innate worth
  • because of perceived differences in physical appearance or cultural heritage
27
Q

Master Narrative

A
  • story a nation tells about itself to celebrate its past and present
  • evolves over time
  • reproduced and refined in schoolbooks, museums, government propaganda, and popular culture
  • often gloss over or omit certain unpleasant events that complicate the national self identity
28
Q

Ethnicity vs Race

A
  • race is something that you are born into, and is based on how you look in relation to others
  • ethnicity refers to membership of a cultural group that has roots in a particular place in the world and is associated with distinctive cultural practices and behaviours
  • you can have one race but many ethnicities
29
Q

Study of Ethnicity

A
  • everyone belongs to at least one ethnic group
  • can be a source of conflict
  • many ways to study ethnicity
30
Q

Essentialism

A
  • aka primordialism
  • view that every ethnic group is defined by a “laundry list” of traits carried down from the past to the present with little or no change
  • static view of ethnic culture, where culture does not change without the influence of outside forces
  • absolve colonial powers of blame
31
Q

Post-colonialism

A
  • colonialism: the economic and political exploitation of a weaker country or people by a stronger one
  • postcolonialism is a framework that analyzes the destructive impact colonialism has on both the colonizer and colonized
32
Q

Epiphenomenal

A
  • describes a secondary effect that arises from, but does not causally influence a separate phenomenon
  • Epiphenomenal theory suggest that any ethnic conflict is just a by-product of the struggle between economic class
  • there is a measure of truth in the epiphenomenal explanation, yet it fails to fully account for why the poor identified with the rich
33
Q

Instrumentalism

A
  • focuses on emerging ethnicity rather than on long-established ethnic characteristics
  • traditionally presented as opposite to essentialism and compatible with the epiphenomenal
  • elite members who mobilize ethnicity for personal gain are called ethnic entrepreneurs
34
Q

Social Constructivism

A
  • the view that ethnicity is artificial, constructed by individuals to serve some agenda
  • explains that ethnicity is constructed by the elite
  • suffers as a theory of ethnicity by overstating the influence of the elite
  • looks at the motivation of the broader group, not just the elites
35
Q

Racialization of indigenous people

A
  • began in the sixteenth century in europe
  • living in canada for 14,000 years
  • 93% of canadian history is indigenous alone
  • despite all of this, indigenous people have been studied most as problems and not founders
36
Q

Indigenous status

A
  • defined by a complex system of legal statuses that separates them from non-indigenous peoples and from each other
  • legal differences stem from the Indian Act and are administered by the federal department of crown-indigenous and northern affairs
37
Q

Indian Act Definition of “Indian”

A
  • Indian Act enshrined a sexist definition of “Indian” as:
    1: any man of “Indian blood” reputed to belong to a particular band
    2: any child of such a man, or
    3: any woman married to such a man.
  • Until 1985, the Indian Act only recognized men as “registered Indian”; women’s status was derived from the man to whom they were married; children’s from their father
38
Q

Black communities in Canada

A
  • have existed in Nova Scotia since the British Proclamation of 1779
  • offered freedom to slaves who left their American masters to fight for the British in the American revolution
  • segregation in Nova Scotia was legally ended in 1954
39
Q

The black one thousand

A
  • in the late 19th century, many black americans migrated west to find a place where they would be free from prejudice and discrimination
  • The federal government granted Harrison Sneed, a minister from an all-black town called Clearview land far north in Alberta where white settlers did not want to live and farm
40
Q

The Black Population in Canada Today

A
  • declined in Canada many times
  • 1792 nearly 1,200 black loyalists left for the African colony of sierra leone
  • 1871 and 1911, there was a slow decline in Canada’s black population, from 21,500 to 16,900, and from 22,200 to 18,000, between 1941 and 1951
  • 1970s the black population began to increase consistently, rising from 34,400 in 1971 to 239,500 by the end of the decade
41
Q

Asian Canadians

A
  • as of the 2016 census, 2/3 of visible-minority canadians were asian
  • Chinese immigrants began to settle on Canada’s west coast in the mid-nineteenth century
  • They were driven from China by poverty and political upheaval, and drawn to British Columbia by opportunities to work.
  • Estimates range from 7,000 to 15,000
42
Q

Head Taxes

A
  • To stall the influx of undesirable immigrants, the federal government, in 1885, imposed a $50 head tax on any Chinese migrant entering the country. By 1900 the head tax was $100 and $500 by 1903
  • the impact was that the chances of marrying a chinese woman was greatly reduced with a ratio of 28 chinese men to 1 woman. This effectively limited chinese population growth in canada
43
Q

Act to Prevent the Employment of Female labour

A
  • 1912 government of saskatchewan created an Act to Prevent the Employment of Female labour in certain capacities
  • white woman or girl are not to reside or lodge in, or to work in restaurant or other place of business owned, kept or managed by any Japanese, Chinaman or other Oriental person.
44
Q

Japanese Canadian Soldiers in WWI

A
  • japanese Canadians volunteered to serve in the Canadian Expeditionary force in WW1
  • during WW2 around 22,000 japanese canadians were placed internment camps and dispossessed of their property
45
Q

W.E.B Du Bois

A
  • the first African-American sociologist and founder of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
  • studied central problems concerning Africans in the US and elsewhere
  • ## advocated for legal action against lynching
46
Q

Daniel G. Hill

A
  • first Canadian black sociologists and received his MA and PhD dor of the U of T
47
Q

Intersectionality

A
  • the way different social factors—race and ethnicity, gender, sexuality orientation, class, age, and disability —combine to shape the experience of a minoritized group.
  • Intersectionality theory was first developed by Kimberlé Crenshaw, and then elaborated shortly thereafter by critical sociologist Patricia Hill Collins
48
Q

Racism can be understood as the product of four linked elements:

A
  1. Racialization: construction of certain groups of people as different and biologically superior or inferior
  2. Prejudice: pre-judgment of others on the basis of their group membership
  3. Discrimination: differential treatment—rewarded or punished—of individuals based on their group membership
  4. Power: manifested when institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to one or more groups over others
49
Q

Racial bigotry

A
  • open, conscious expression of racist views by an individual
50
Q

Systemic or institutional racism

A
  • racist practices, rules, and laws have become institutionalized
51
Q

polite, smiling, or friendly racism

A
  • racism hidden between smile or words that seem friendly
51
Q

master narrative

A
  • racism is often downplayed or omitted in a country’s master narrative

SOCI 201 (5 decks)

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