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SOCI 201 > Quiz #3 - Module 5&6 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 - Module 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

Status

A
  • Recognized social position that an individual occupies
  • contributes to social identity
  • imposes responsibilities and expectations
  • defines a person’s relationships with others
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2
Q

Status Set

A
  • collection of statuses achieved over a lifetime
  • statuses change as we age
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3
Q

Achieved Status

A

a status you entered at some stage of your life; you weren’t born into it
ex/ academic standings, professional position

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4
Q

Ascribed Status

A

a status one is born into or enters involuntarily
ex/ son, teenager, cancer survivor

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5
Q

Social Mobilty

A
  • determines the degree to which your status is achieved or ascribed
  • extent to which people’s social and economic statuses can change
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6
Q

Master status

A
  • Everett C Hughes
  • dominated all of and individual’s statuses in most social contexts
  • plays the largest role in the formation of the individuals social identity
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7
Q

Status Hierarchy

A
  • statuses can be ranked based on prestige and power
  • for categories like gender, race, age, class, etc there always seems to be one that is favoured
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8
Q

status consistency

A

is the condition a person experiences when all of their statuses fall in the same range in the social hierarchy
* E.g., male, white, of British heritage, rich, heterosexual, and able-
bodied

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9
Q

status inconsistency

A

the result of marginalization
* Process by which groups are assigned into categories that set them at or beyond the margins of dominant society.
* occurs when a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align
* E.g., Indigenous cabinet minister Jody Wilson-Raybould, Olivia Chow

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10
Q

Social Roles

A
  • set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status
  • roles attached to a status will differ among cultures
  • status may be associated with multiple roles
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11
Q

Role Set

A
  • Robert Merton
  • refers to all the roles that are attached to a particular status
  • E.g., professors play the role of teachers, colleagues, employees, etc
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12
Q

Role strain

A

develops when there is a conflict between roles within the role set of a particular status
* E.g., a student catching a classmate cheating

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13
Q

Role conflict

A

Role conflict occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more statuses they hold
* E.g., conflicting demands of being a mother and a student

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14
Q

Role Exit

A
  • process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one’s identity and attempting to establish a new role
  • According to Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh it involves shifting ones master status
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15
Q

Pecking order

A
  • applies to small group settings
  • term coined by Thorlief Schjelderup-Ebbe
  • establishes the rankings of people in a group
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16
Q

People associated with small groups

A
  • George Simmel (1858–1918)
  • One of the first sociologists to study daily, one-on-one interactions of individuals
  • Charles Cooley (1864–1929)
  • Identity formation through the looking-glass self
  • Frederic M. Thrasher (1892–1962)
  • Studied gangs as small clusters of intense interaction separated from the larger world
  • William I. Thomas (1963-1947)
  • Coined the concept definition of the situation
  • Individuals define situations based on their subjective experiences and respond accordingly
  • We must study these definitions to understand individual action
  • Interpretations and definitions produce reality, a process also known as Thomas theorem
  • “Situations we define as real become real in their consequences”
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17
Q

Interaction Process Analysis

A
  • Robert F. Bales (1916–2004)
  • developed a system of interactions in small groups called interaction process analysis
  • identifies patterns of behaviour
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18
Q

Social organization

A
  • social and cultural principles around which people and things are structured, ordered, and categorized
    Ex/ cultures, institutions are socially organized around principles such as egalitarianism or hierarchy
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19
Q

Organizational structure

A

is comprised of the principles that are upheld by shared cultural beliefs and maintained through a network of social relations
* Organizations are based on understandings and knowledge of the world, which are shaped by their cosmology
* An account of the origin and ruling principles of the universe

20
Q

The study of Organizations

Max Webber

A
  • Started with Max Webbers work on bureaucracy
  • 1980s: shift from the examination of social institutions to that of business corporations in search of effective and efficient management practices
  • This brought about a surge in studies in the fields of
    organizational theory and organizational behaviour
21
Q

Organizational ritual

A
  • form of social action where a group’s values and identity are publicly demonstrated
22
Q

Organizational Structure and Gender

A
  • different for females and males
  • feminist coalitions include issues such as the internal distribution of power
  • 3 models of feminist organizations
    1. formal social movement organizations
    2. small groups or collectives
    3. service provider organizations
23
Q

Bureaucracy

A
  • arose 5,000 years ago with the formation of states and writing systems
  • According to Max Webber, bureaucracy is marked by formal rationalization and its 4 elements
    1. Efficiency
    2. Quantification
    3. Predictability
    4. Control
24
Q

Substantive vs formal rationalization

A
  • Substantive rationalization focuses on values and ethics
  • Formal rationalization leads to disenchantment and alienation
25
Q

The Evolution of Formal Rationalization

A
  • The development of formal rationality began during
    the Industrial Revolution (late 18th and early 19th
    centuries)
  • Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915) developed practice
    of scientific management
  • Based on “time-and-motion” studies designed to discover
    one best way of doing any given job
  • But, efficiency standards limit work processes to single set
    of repetitive actions, undermining skill development
26
Q

Mcdonaldization

A
  • coined by George Ritzer
  • process by which the rationalizing principles of fast food chains are coming to dominant other sectors of society
27
Q

Deviance

A
  • behaviour that strays from what is considered normal
  • does not mean bad, criminal, perverted, or inferior
  • changes with time, location, and culture
  • definitions of deviance reflect power and ideas of those in charge
28
Q

Overt characteristics of deviance

A
  • actions or qualities taken as explicitly violating the cultural norm
29
Q

covert characteristics of deviance

A
  • the unstated qualities that might make a group targets for sanctions
  • age, ethnic background, race, sexual orientation, etc
30
Q

social constructionism

A
  • certain elements of social life, such as deviance, are not natural and are created by the society or culture
31
Q

Essentialism

A

argues that there is something natural, true, or universal and therefore objectively determined about deviant characteristics

32
Q

Stigma (Goffman’s study)

A
  • illustrates the interplay of essentialism and social constructionism
  • stigma: human attribute that is seen to discredit an individual’s social identity
    1. bodily stigma: physical deformities
    2. Moral stigma: blemishes of individual character
    3. Tribal stigma: transmitted through group association
33
Q

The other/othering

A
  • image constructed by the dominant culture to characterize subcultures
  • can be depicted many ways, but is ultimately inferior
  • once associated with otherness, deviant behavior is often subject to negative sanctions
  • Edward Said’s orientalism discussion stated that the dominant West constructed the Middle East as other
34
Q

Moral Panic

A

campaign designed to arouse concern over and issue or group

35
Q

Moral Entrepreneur

A
  • according to Becker, a person who tries to convince others of the need to take action around a social problem that they have defined
36
Q

Racializing deviance

A
  • linking ethnic groups (especially visible minorities) with certain forms of deviance
  • ethnic background a covert characteristic of deviance
  • treating groups differently because of that connection
  • racialized minorities face constant pressure to assimilate to dominant culture
37
Q

Deviance in gender

A
  • patriarchal societies make being male a norm with being female is treated as other
  • in patriarchal societies, images of woman are often constructed to contain misogyny
  • patriarchal construct: social conditions that favor boys/men over girls
38
Q

Deviance within Class

A
  • poverty can be considered a covert characteristic of deviance
  • the lower class is over-represented in the statistics on criminal convocations and admissions to prison
  • the reason for this misrepresentation is the lack of social resources and limited ability for impression management
  • schools to prison hypothesis: biased application of zero-tolerance policies in schools, constant surveillance and bias in the criminal justice system can result in higher incarceration rates
39
Q

White-Collar Crime

A
  • Edwin Sutherland
  • a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation
  • Clinard and Quinney refined Sutherlands concept by distinguishing two types
    1. occupation crimes - benefit the individual at the expense of other individuals who work for the company
    2. corporate crimes - benefit the corporation and its executives at the expense of other companies and the general public
40
Q

Deviance and Sexual Orientation

A
  • homosexuality is sanctioned in various ways around the globe from social scrutiny to formal laws
  • informal sanctions like what exist in Canada is referred to as the ideology of fag which influences individuals to behave according to gender expectations
41
Q

Deviance and disability

A
  • people with disabilities often suffer negative sanctions by society not being accommodating
42
Q

Criminal Deviance

A
  • not all deviant behavior is criminal
  • criminology is the study of patterns in criminal behavior to learn more about how crime can be predicted, prevented and sanctioned
  • three central theories of criminal deviance
    1. strain theory
    2. subculture theory
    3. labelling theory
43
Q

Strain theory

A
  • Robert Merton explained why some individuals “choose” to be criminally deviant
  • American dream: anyone has the opportunity to be successful regardless of their background or circumstances as long as they work hard
  • strain is the disconnect between culturally defined goals and uneven distribution of means to achieve these goals
  • those without the necessary resources to achieve culturally defined goals turn to criminal deviance
44
Q

Subculture theory

A
  • Albert Cohen challenged and refined some aspects of Merton’s work
  • individuals from lower class backgrounds experience status frustration - the failure to succeed in middle-class institutions
  • can become socialized into an oppositional subculture for delinquents
  • delinquency is a learned behaviour
45
Q

Labelling theory

A
  • howard becker developed
  • explains how subcultural values, beliefs, and practices become defined as deviant by mainstream society, and how labels become internalized by both majority and deviant group
  • labels sometimes take on a master status, that dominates all others

SOCI 201 (5 decks)

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