Quiz #1 - Topic 1&2 Flashcards
1
Q
What do sociologists do?
A
- Interrogate social patterns
- Challenge social patterns often immbeded in stereotypes (social issues arrise)
- A social issue is anything that requires societies attention for change which is almost everything in an evolving world
- Strong connections to anthropology, econ, history, phyc, polisci, and EVERYTHING
2
Q
Aspects of Social Patterns
A
- Social location = sex, age, class, ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation
- Social variables = race, ethnicity, ability, etc
- Social institutions = education, religion
- Social interactions
3
Q
C. Wright Mills
A
- places society over the individual
- Aids our understanding of individuals based on their social circumstance
- Connects personal and political
- Concept of sympathy brought up as to why individuals behave in the manner that they do
4
Q
Ibn Kaldun (Father of Sociology)
A
- Develpoed a systemic approach to studying sociology
- Deemed that as societies become more affluent they become more soft and senile leading to their demise.
5
Q
Early Sociology in Europe
A
- introduced in 19th century
- All as a responce to industrialization, french/american revolution, urbanization, and demographic surge (pop increase)
- Most sociological challenges are brought up in times of emmense change
6
Q
Max Webber
A
- explored how the values in protestantism led to early capitalism
- No sociological evidence that capitalism developed in protestant countries all display the same work ethic
7
Q
Early Sociology in North America
A
- in late 19th to early 20th century
- Sought to understand how their rapid social change was linked to European immigration
- U of Chicago Sociology dep. founded 1892
8
Q
Early Sociology in Canada and John Porter
A
- McGill program in 1922
- John Porter examined relationship between social class and ethnicity. Coined term verticle mosaic to describe hieracal seperation of race, ethnicity, religion pertaining to systemic discrimination
- In canada Anglo-Saxon Protestants were the top, followed by French Canadians, with marginalized groups on the bottom
9
Q
Branches of Sociology
A
- Structural Functionalism
- Conflict Theory
- Symbolic Interaction
- feminist theory
- Postmodern Theory
10
Q
Structural Functionalism
A
- Structures act as our school systems, religions, etc
- This looks at how structures function within our society. What is their role?
- In this theory conflict is viewed as counterproductive
- Summatively it explains social forms by their contribution to social cohesion
11
Q
Durkheim (Structural Functionalism)
A
- Coined the term social facts to define the patterned way of thinking as a result of our institution or the ways that individuals think outside of themselves and as the society they’re part of.
12
Q
Merton’s Manifest (Structural Functionalism)
A
- Latent Functions: unintended and unrecognized results to the introduction of something into society
- Latent Dysfunctions: unintended and harmful consequences
ie/ gun was introduced into Chinese culture for celebration purposes but can now be used violently - Manifest functions are intended and recognized
13
Q
Conflict Theory
A
- Based on 4 c’s
1) conflict - exists in all societies
2) Class - there are always class divisions
3) Contestation - why are people treated differently? who decides resource allocation?
4) Change - will occur or should occur. protesting what already is causes necessary social change - There is major class divisions that manifest primarily in the means of goods production
14
Q
Karl Marx - Conflict theory
A
- premise is hierachal descrepencies
- Capitalism is the reason for conflict theory. Higher class always wants more while the lower class can always be exploited because of their own needs
- You can never be paid for your exact contribution as profits are always needed
15
Q
Symbolic Interaction
A
- Every individual’s role is important and interconnected
- Microsocialism
16
Q
Goffman (symbolic interactionism)
A
- the total institution (prisions, boarding schools, concentration camps) seek to control and manipulate residents by spreading one way of thinking, believing, etc
- Every interaction molds people. ie if you’re continuosly bullied you will quiestion your identity
17
Q
George Herbert Mead (symbolic interaction)
A
- Society has a way of accepting things as true because it is just that way
- Coined the term sociology
- individuals maintain social systems by ineracting and deciding that things are the way they are
18
Q
Feminist Theory
A
- Ties into conflict theory
- challenges the systemic and wrong treatment of women
- there were three main waves
1. Political rights - ability to vote
2. Public/Private rights - ability to work outside of the home
3. Inclusion of LGBTI individuals and racialized individuals - Today the focus is on violence towards women especially in regaurds to assault
19
Q
Dorthy Smith (feminist theory)
A
- standpoint theory - if you haven’t experienced the exact issue then you have no idea what it is like. Men can’t grasp the full extent of feminist issues
Every experience is subjective
20
Q
Postmodern Theory
A
- Made possible through globalization, advancement of tech
- Ppl have different strong voices - you can choose what you listen to what you believe etc
- NOt about becoming civilized it’s about people’s identity an choosing what they want to be
21
Q
Micheal Foucalt (Postmodern Theory)
A
- discussed discourses (very distinct ways to speak about an element of reality)
-Totalitarian - idea that dominates all others - Totalitarian discourse - refers to any universal claim about how knowledge or understanding is achieved
22
Q
Audiences of Sociology
A
- professional
- political
- critical
- public
23
Q
Professional Sociology
A
- Highly specific research geared towards one profession
- Uses all the jargon of that field
- Meant for highly educated people
ex/ medical field could include anything from patient dr. relationship to healthcare accessibility
24
Q
Political Sociology
A
- revolves around the needs of the people
- Immense research to determine best policies and practices
- Involves the creation of laws
- Education, health and social welfare are the 3 main categories that are trying to be fine tuned into specific policies
25
Q
Critical Sociology
A
- related to professional sociology
- looks to place blame on certain systems for why things are the way that they are (asking all of the critical questions)
- Brings about social change by means of protest
26
Q
Public Sociology
A
- No jargon or specific knowledge required
- Audience: those not directly within organization
27
Q
Research as it Pertains to Sociology
A
- It is the search for knowledge
- gathering evidence with the goal of proving a theory (often involves collecting data)
- Research has certain patterns and acceptable methods within the field of social sciences
Research is cyclical
28
Q
Research Methodology
A
The system of methods that a researches can use to find an answer. Holistic and complete approach.
29
Q
Scientific Method
A
- series of steps leading to a fact
1. Observation (often of patterns)
2. Define hypothesis
3. Theory - provide not an observation but an explanation
ex/ programs, equations
30
Q
Exploratory Research
A
- gain insight into how others make choices etc
ex/ how to extremist groups choose their targets
31
Q
Explanatory Research
A
- Examining the relationship between a social phenomena - often cause and effect
ex/ “What is the effect of dropping out of school on lifetime earnings?”
32
Q
Evaluation Research
A
- understanding the effect of a certain policy or of something that was implanted into society as well as it’s effects
- Problem analysis - problems to address
- Impact evaluation - effect on intended outcomes
- Process evaluation - effective implementation?
33
Q
Outsider Perspectives
A
- August Combe who coined the term sociology, used a positivism theory that suggested researchers are capable of being entirely objective
- Viewed the outsider as the “expert” who occupies privileged over that insider “subjects of study” - policy sociology
- Also believed that the social sciences could be studied the same as natural science
34
Q
Insider Perspectives
A
- Explains the experience from the subjects point of view and therefore must be subjective
- Relates to Dorthy Smith and standpoint theory
- A person who attempts to assimilate to a new society to experience the life for research will not be considered an insider no matter what they discover
35
Q
Quantitative Research
A
- focuses on social facts that can be measured and turned into numerical data
- Objective
36
Q
Qualitative Research
A
- examination of characteristics that cannot be measured
- asking the whys from the quantitative data - what is the reason we all enjoy pizza
- finding patterns in systems, communities, institutions
- Coincides with micro sociology
37
Q
Ethnography
A
- uncover symbols and categories of given culture used to interpret their world. Participation observation
- semi structured interviews
- Informants also utilized
38
Q
Institutional ethnography
A
- developed by dorthy smith
- Ruling interests - of org particularly of its administration and or interests of those who hold power
- Experiential data from informants within the org, outside of power.
39
Q
Case study
A
- finds a situation that represents best practice and uses that to represent others.
- Making generalizations that one case represents the whole
40
Q
Content Analysis
A
- study of cultural artifacts
- can include newspapers, children’s books
- gives you the idea of the theme of society
- there are two distinct properties
1. things that are not created to be studied
2. Pre-existing and not interactive artifacts
41
Q
Narrative
A
- utilizing the voice of the individual who has been through an experience
42
Q
Discourse Analysis
A
- Analyzing and understanding conversations and texts
- Considers texts as being more than individual works from authors but as greater concepts (ex/ studying the bible)
43
Q
Genealogy
A
- History of peoples
- How do they project family lines
44
Q
Understanding statistics and measuring the center
A
- Way of taking data to find the most representative result
- Median represents the number score that separates the lower and high half
- Calculating averages (mean)
45
Q
Operational Definitions
A
- how you turn abstract concepts into measurable and concrete (reify them)
- You can assign variables which becomes measurable
46
Q
Example of Operational Definitions with poverty
A
- Poverty is a concept. How do we define it?
- you assign measurable values, like household incomes, access to health services, overall nutrition, postal codes, etc
- we have defined absolute poverty - below minimum income level to meet basic needs
- and, relative poverty defines poverty relative to the median or mean household incomes (LICO)
47
Q
Polls
A
- quantitative ways to measure opinions on a matter
48
Q
Closed ended questionnaires
A
- quantitative
- lickert scale - how much you agree
49
Q
Open Ended Questionaires
A
- qualitative
- people can say whatever they want on a certain issue
50
Q
A
