Quiz 4 Material Flashcards
Solutions
Homogenous mixtures of two or more substances
Solutions consist of
A solvent and one or more solutes
The solute is present in a _____ amount
lesser
The solvent is present in a ____ amount
larger
Aqueous solution
water as the solvent (aq)
Nature of solutes
spread evenly throughout solution
cannot be separated by filtration
CAN be separated by evaporation
not visible, but can give the solution color
Solubility
maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent
Unsaturated solutions
contain LESS than the maximum amount of solute
can dissolve more solute
Saturated solutions
contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve
some undissolved solute at the bottom of the container
Molarity
gives the moles of solute in 1L solution
In a dilution…..
water is added
volume increases
concentration of solute decreases
In the initial and diluted solution….
the moles and solute are the same
the concentrations and volumes are related by M1V1=M2V2
Dilution equation
M1V1=M2V2
covalent formation of a solution
dissolved molecules remain intact as a molecule
ionic formation of a solution
dissolved ions separate
decomposition reaction
reactant splits into 2+ products
combination reaction
2+ reactants combine into a single product
single replacement reaction
one element replaces another element
double replacement reaction
two elements replace each other
in a balanced chemical reaction….
atoms are not lost or gained; atoms are equal on both sides
hints for balancing chemical equations?
start with most complicated chemical
keep polyatomic ions together as a unit
change coefficients, NOT subscripts
when solutions of salts are mixed, a solid forms IF ______
ions of an insoluble salt are present
Group IA metal cations & ammonium are
soluble
Ionic compounds that contain _______ are soluble
NO3, ClO3, ClO4, C2H3O2, and HCO3
Ionic compounds that contain SO4 are soluble except ______
when combined with Ag, Hg, Pb, Ca, Sr, or Ba
Most ionic compounds that contain OH, O, CO3, PO4, CrO4, or S are _______
insoluble except when combined with group IA metal cations or NH4
Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, and Sr(OH)2 are ____
soluble
full equation
shows the formulas of the compounds
ionic equation
shows the ions of the compounds
net ionic equation
shows only the ions that form a solid
when solutions of salts are mixed, a ______
solid forms if ions of insoluble salt are present
arrhenius acid
produces hydronium in water
bases
produce OH ions in water
bases with OH- ions are named as the ____
hydroxide of the metal in the formula
NaOH
sodium hydroxide
KOH
potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxide
Al(OH)3
aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)3
iron (III) hydroxide
NH3
ammonia
acids ____ a proton
donate
bases ______ a proton
accept
the seven strong acids
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3
most common strong bases?
NaOH & KOH
strong bases _____ in water
dissociate completely
most common weak base?
NH3
weak bases _____ in water
dissociate only slightly
strong electrolytes _____ in water
dissociate 100%
strong electrolytes in equations show the formation of ions in _____
aqueous (aq) solutions
strong electrolytes include
strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic compounds
weak electrolytes ____ in water
dissociate only slightly
weak electrolytes are
weak acids and weak bases
nonelectrolytes ____ in water
dissolve as molecules
nonelectrolytes are
soluble molecular compounds
neutralization
reaction of an acid and a base
in the equations for neutralization, an _____
acid and a base produce a salt and water
redux-oxidation (redox) reaction
transfers electrons from one reactant to another
oxidation is a _____
loss of electrons
reduction is a ____
gain of electrons
the oxidation numbers of all atoms must ____
sum to the overall charge on the species
elements in molecules consisting of just that element have the oxidation number
zero
monatomic ions have an oxidation number equal to the
ion charge
group IA metals are assigned an oxidation number of
+1
group IIA metals are assigned an oxidation number of
+2
group IIIA metals are assigned an oxidation number of
+3
fluorine is assigned the number
-1
hydrogen is assigned the number
+1
oxygen is assigned the number
-2
if there is a conflict between two rules, ______
only apply the rule with the lower oxidation number
in binary ionic compounds with metals, the nonmetals have _____
oxidation numbers equal to the charges on their atoms
oxidizing agent
reagent that oxidizes something else and is itself REDUCED
reducing agent
reagent that reduces something else and is itself OXIDIZED
precipitation reaction
forms an insoluble solid and an aqueous solution
