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Quiz 4: Instrumentation and Quality Assurance Flashcards

1
Q

what type of mammography generators are all modern mammography generators?

A

high-frequency

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2
Q

these generators rectify the input to produce a direct currect (DC) voltage waveform

A

high-frequency generators

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3
Q

what is the difference between modern high-frequency generators and the older units?

A

the modern high-frequency generators essentially provide a constant potential with about 1% ripple

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4
Q

with the modern high-frequency generators producing higher effective energy, what is the result?

A

higher x-ray output for a given kVp and mA setting

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5
Q

why can’t general radiography tubes be used for mammograms?

A

the breast is made up of only soft tissues with very similar mass densities and atomic numbers that are better seen on a modified mammography machine

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6
Q

what is the x-ray range found most useful in maximizing contrast in breast tissue?

A

in the range of 17-24 kiloelectron volts (keV)

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7
Q

what type of x-rays does a Molybdenum (Mo) target produce?

A

characteristic in the 17-19 keV range after a photoelectric reaction

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8
Q

what type of breast are ideal to image with a Molybdenum (Mo) target?

A

fatty breasts

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9
Q

What type of x-rays does Rhodium (Rh) targets produce?

A

Bremsstrahlung xrays and K-Characteristic xrays

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10
Q

How could you describe the properties of a K-Characteristic X-ray

A

20-23 range, which provides a better penetration of the dense breast

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11
Q

What type of x-rays Does tungsten targets produce?

A

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

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12
Q

What are the properties of A tungsten target?

A

Tungsten targets produce bremsstrahlung x-rays that predominate at energies above or below the 17 to 24 keV range

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13
Q

Which type of target material is often referred to as admitting “harder” spectrum rays?

A

Tungsten

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14
Q

What is the best target material that is used in mammography units?

A

Tungsten

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15
Q

A target material that is sometimes more reliable and less expensive to manufacture

A

Single track tubes

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16
Q

The target material that can support a higher anode heat load, that’s allowing for shorter exposure times compared with dual track x-ray tube’s

A

Single track x-ray tubes

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17
Q

Is a target material that is especially useful when imaging large breasts

A

Single track x-ray tubes

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18
Q

At target material that can support 2-3 times the maximum anode load compared with dual track tubes

A

Single track tungsten tubes

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19
Q

What is beam filtration defined by the

A

Half-value layer (HVL)

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20
Q

Shapes the emission spectrum of the x-ray beam and makes it compatible with the image receptor in breast characteristics of each patient

A

Added filtration

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21
Q

With proper use of ______, the x-ray beam entering the breast will have very few photons above or below the preferred mammographic energy range.

A

Filtration

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22
Q

In digital imaging, what does filtration do to exposure time?

A

Filtration reduces exposure time

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23
Q

what is the minimun half-value layer (HVL)?

A

.30 mm (Al) at 30 kVp or .25 mm (Al) at 25 kVp

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24
Q

what should the half-value layer (HVL) not exceed?

A

.40 mm AL at 30 kVp

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25
Q

what 2 ways is the x-ray beam filtered

A

inherent and added

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26
Q

what all is included with inherent filtration?

A

glass/metal window of tube, oil in the tube housing, the mirror of the collimation assembly, and the compression paddle

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27
Q

What material is usually used as added filtration?

A

Aluminum (Al)

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28
Q

Positioned in the path of the emerging beam, thus affecting it’s penetrating power, which is defined by half value layer

A

Added Filtration

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29
Q

How often are test me done to ensure that the compression device is working properly?

A

Semi-annually

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30
Q

What are the MQSA standards for compression paddles

A

Minimum automatic compression should not be less than 25lbs (111 newtons N)
Automatic compression should never exceed 45lbs (200 N)
All unit should have a manual, hand controlled compression device, controlled by the technologist

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31
Q

What is the most often used material for the exit port of the mammography tube?

A

Beryllium (Be)

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32
Q

The area that electrons strike on the target

A

The focal spot

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33
Q

A small effective focal spot means a ________ target area.

A

Smaller

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34
Q

The target is angled to allow a larger area for the electrons to strike while maintaining a small effective focal spot

A

Line – focus principle

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35
Q

A small affective focal spot means a ___________ actual focal spot size

A

Large

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36
Q

Portions of the x-ray beam at the anode side of the table pass through the anode, resulting in a lower intensity beam

A

Anode Heel Effect

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37
Q

The thickest part of the breast (nearest the chest wall) is positioned at what side of the tube

A

Cathode

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38
Q

What are the possible anode angle ranges for mammography tubes?

A

0-16 degrees

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39
Q

What is a comment to tilt for a mammography unit?

A

6 degrees

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40
Q

What is the SID of a mammography tube?

A

60-75cm (24-30in)

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41
Q

Decrease in the target angle will the _______ effective focal spot

A

Decrease

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42
Q

What are the advantages of tube tilt?

A

Allows smaller target angle, Allows greater anode heating capacity, reduces anode heel effect

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43
Q

What type of focal spot is normal in mammography?

A

Dual focus

44
Q

The larger focal spot may be _____ but is generally ______.

A
  1. 4

0. 3

45
Q

The smaller focal spot ranges from ______ to ________.

What’s the most common size?

A
  1. 15 to 0.1 mm

0. 1

46
Q

Routine imaging typically uses which size focal spot?

A

Large focal spot

47
Q

Magnification imaging typically uses which size focal spot?

A

Smaller

48
Q

What type of grid do modern mammography units use and why?

A

A moving grid to improve contrast

49
Q

Are grids used with magnification mammography?

A

No

50
Q

What affect do grids have on contrast?

A

Improves contrast

51
Q

The grid ratio of mammography grids usually varies from _____ to ______ with an average grid ratio of _____.

A

3: 1-5:1
4: 1

52
Q

What is a common range for grid frequencies?

A

30-50 lines per centimeter

53
Q

What is grid interspace material made out of?

A

Carbon fiber or wood

Something that is low attenuating.

54
Q

What is the aim for a good image in mammography?

A

Small focal spot & long SID

55
Q

How do you find out the magnification factor?

A

SID/SOD

56
Q

What is the standard magnification factor?

A

1.5 times - 1.8 times

57
Q

Increase magnification factor equals ______ to skin dose of patient

A

Increase

58
Q

Allows the selection of at least 2 steps above and 2 steps below the normal density setting.

A

Density Composition Circuit

59
Q

For a density compensation circuit, what does each step down/up translate to in terms of both mAs and optical density?

A

12% to 15% increase or decrease in mAs

A 0.15 change in optical density

60
Q

Why is there no collimation in mammography?

A

To prevent extraneous light from compromising the perception of fine detail when the radiograph is viewed.

61
Q

What are the MQSA standards about collimation?

A

The collimation should not extend beyond any edge of the image receptor by more than 2% of the SID

62
Q

In analog imaging, what does mAs affect?

A

Image density and patient dose

63
Q

In digital imaging, what does mAs affect?

A

Patient dose

64
Q

In digital, what term replaces density

A

Brightness

65
Q

Are Image acquisition and display separated in digital imaging?

A

Yes

66
Q

What all affects the brightness in digital imaging?

A

mA, the processing software, the digital algorithm

67
Q

In analog imaging, what controls the contrast?

A

kVp

68
Q

What can the mammography kVp range from?

What kVp range is used in normal clinical practice?

A

20-40 kVp

25-28 kVp

69
Q

How many AEC detector positions can be in each mammography unit?

A

10

70
Q

What is the backup timer set for with grids?

With no grids?

A

600 mAs

300 mAs

71
Q

How many bits are in a byte?

A

8

72
Q

Is controlled by the number of pixels

A

The image resolution

73
Q

What are the 2 types of phosphors?

A

Turbid and needle

74
Q

After the conductive later of the PSP, where do the electrons get trapped to form a latent image?

A

F-Trap

75
Q

Is the term used to describe the time it takes for the latent image to disappear

A

Fading

76
Q

How much energy of a latent image is lost after 8 hours?

A

25%

77
Q

Is the emission of the bluish-purple light from electrons as they transition from higher energy to a lower energy state

A

Photostimulable luminescence (PSL)

78
Q

Collects the blueish-purple light given off by the trapped electrons as they return to their normal neutral state

A

Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)

79
Q

How often must IP’s be erased if not used?

A

48 hours

80
Q

Are numeric data in the form of binary language

A

Digital signals

81
Q

Are electrons or light

A

Analog signal

82
Q

What are the 2 Digital Mammography systems available?

A

Indirect capture flat-panel detector & direct capture flat-panel detector

83
Q

What are the 2 different names for flat-panel detector systems?

A

Scintillator-Based

Non-Scintillator-Based

84
Q

Which flat panel detector system is a direct process?

How many steps are in this process?

A

Non-Scintillator-Based

2

85
Q

Which flat panel detector system is an indirect process?

How many steps are in this process?

A

Scintillator-Based

3

86
Q

What are the 3 steps in a scintillator-based flat-panel-detector system?

A

X-ray beam strikes a scintillator(cesium iodide), Cesium Iodide converts X-ray to light, light strikes the photoconductor(amorphous silicon)

87
Q

What are the 2 steps in a non-scintillator-based flat-panel-detector system?

A

X-ray beam strikes a photoconductor(amorphous selenium), a-Se converts xrays to electrons

88
Q

Are located within the rows and columns on the TFT (Thin-Film Transistor)

A

Detector Elements (DEL or dexel)

89
Q

What is a typical fill factor?

A

80%

90
Q

Describes how efficient the system is in converting X-ray input signals into a useful output image

A

DQE (Detective Quantum Effeciency)

91
Q

What is a significant advantage that flat-panel systems have over CM?

A

Flat-panel systems hav increased DQE (detective quantum effeciency)

92
Q

During photon-counting image capture, how many images are acquired for resolution?

A

25 megapixels

93
Q

What does the average glandular dose range on CC view?

A

0.4 to 0.8 mGy

94
Q

What does the average glandular dose range on MLO view?

A

0.4 to 0.87 mGy

95
Q

What is the recommended resolution for the radiologists monitors?

The technologists monitors?

A

5 MP

2-3 MP

96
Q

What is the newest type of high-capacity optical disk system that utilizes blue violet laser technology?

A

Ultra-density optical disk (UDOD)

97
Q

A set of computer software standards that permit a wide range of digital imaging programs to understand each other.

A

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

98
Q

A computer network that allows images from multiple modalities to be viewed at a single monitor, transmitted, or stored.

A

PACS

99
Q

All equipment used for this must be DICOM compatible

A

PACS

100
Q

A networked electronic software system for managing diagnostic or therapeutic imaging and associated data.

A

Radiology Information System (RIS)

101
Q

Is our Abbadox

A

Radiology Information System (RIS)

102
Q

Is our Athena

A

Hospital Information System (HIS)

103
Q

When was the MQSA Act passed?

A

October 27, 1992

Enforcement didn’t begin until 1995

104
Q

Is a check of the detector and of the communication between the detector and AWS

A

Phantom Image

105
Q

Measures the ability of the digital system to demonstrate objects of different brightness separate from their surroundings.

A

Contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR)

random mammography2 (4 decks)

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