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random mammography2 > Quiz 3: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Breast > Flashcards

Quiz 3: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Breast Flashcards

1
Q

what type of glands are mammary glands?

A

accessory glands of the female reproductive system

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2
Q

what are mammary glands also sometimes referred to as?

A

modified sebaceous glands

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3
Q

what are the mammary glands specialized to produce?

A

colostrum and milk

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4
Q

what shape is the breast considered

A

spherical

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5
Q

what muscle lies immediately below the breast?

A

pectoralis major muscle

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6
Q

what muscle lies to the lateral aspect of each breast?

A

serratus anterior

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7
Q

a thin flat triangular muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle and covers the serratus anterior and the external oblique muscles

A

pectoralis minor muscle

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8
Q

runs from the lateral aspect of the breast across the mid-axillary line to the lower back

A

latissimus dorsi

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9
Q

represents the lowest attachment of the breast to the anterior chest wall

A

inframammary fold

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10
Q

the most lateral aspect of the breast

A

axillary tail

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11
Q

also called the ‘Tail of Spence’

A

axillary tail

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12
Q

a layer of adipose(fatty) tissue that separates the breast from the pectoral muscle

A

retromammary space

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13
Q

what is seen on the medioloteral oblique(MLO) projection mainly, 20% of the time seen on the CC projection

A

retromammary space

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14
Q

what is the exact location of the breast vertically?

A

the breast extends vertically from the clavicle at the 2nd or 3rd rib to meet the abdominal wall at the level of the 6th or 7th rib.

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15
Q

what is the exact location of the breast medially?

A

the breast extends from the mid-sternum to the mid-axillary line and to the latissimus dorsi muscle, laterally

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16
Q

what does the skin of the breast consist of?

A

sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles

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17
Q

what does the nipple crevices contain?

A

15-20 orifices, and ducts that transfer milk from the lactiferous ducts to the exterior

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18
Q

the smooth, circular, darkened area surrounding the nipple

A

areola

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19
Q

what are the many small protrusions called on the surface of the areola?

A

Morgani tubercles

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20
Q

what ducts are opened by morgani tubercles?

A

Montgomery glands

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21
Q

are specialized sebaceous-type glands found on the areola

A

Montgomery glands

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22
Q

why do Montgomery glands secrete a fatty lubricant while breast feeding?

A

to protect the nipple during nursing

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23
Q

what age (young or old) is areola pigmentation more prominent?

A

young

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24
Q

when does pigmentation begin to fade in the areola of the breast?

A

at menopause

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25
Q

what will increase pigmentation of areola?

A

the use of estrogen

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26
Q

what quadrant does the 1st quadrant refer to?

A

upper outer quadrant (UOQ)

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27
Q

what quadrant does the 2nd quadrant refer to?

A

upper inner quadrant (UIQ)

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28
Q

what quadrant does the 3rd quadrant refer to?

A

lower outer quadrant (LOQ)

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29
Q

what quadrant does the 4th quadrant refer to?

A

lower-inner quadrant (LIQ)

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30
Q

what quadrant is the axillary tail in?

A

UOQ or 1

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31
Q

what are the 4 regions of the breast?

A

posterior, middle, anterior, subareolar

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32
Q

is closest to the chest wall

A

posterior region

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33
Q

refers to the middle of the breast

A

middle region

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34
Q

is located behind the nipple

A

anterior region

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35
Q

lies immediately behind the areola

A

subareolar

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36
Q

what 4 things is the breast made out of?

A

adipose(fatty) tissue, glandular(secretory) components, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels

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37
Q

the fibrous and glandular tissues within the breast are generally described as ___________.

A

fibroglandular densities

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38
Q

what type of breast tissue do young women typically have?

A

glandular

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39
Q

what type of breast tissue do older women typically have?

A

fatty

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40
Q

what 3 ways can a breast lesion be described while being triangulated?

A

in terms of the face of a clock
4 quadrants
4 regions

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41
Q

what 3 terms is the upper outer quadrant (UOQ) also known as?

A

axillary tail
tail of the breast
tail of Spence

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42
Q

region closest to the chest wall

A

posterior region

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43
Q

region in the middle of the breast

A

middle region

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44
Q

region located behind the nipple

A

anterior region

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45
Q

region located immediately behind the areola

A

subareolar region

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46
Q

What are the tissues within the breast generally described as?

A

Fibroglandular Densities

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47
Q

What type of breast tissue predominates in younger woman?

A

Glandular tissue

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48
Q

What type of breast tissue predominates in older women?

A

Fatty tissue

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49
Q

How does fatty tissue show up on a mammogram?

A

Higher optical density areas

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50
Q

How does fibrous and glandular tissue show up as on a mammogram?

A

Lower optical density areas

51
Q

Where is the most glandular breast tissue is found?

A

Centrally, extending laterally toward the axilla in the upper outer quadrant(UOQ)

52
Q

Are fibrous brands that predominate in the upper part of the breast

A

Cooper ligaments

53
Q

What is another term for Cooper ligaments?

A

Suspensory ligaments

54
Q

Where does the breast receive it’s arterial supply from?

A

Axillary artery

55
Q

A venous network formed from veins under the nipple

A

Circulus venosus

56
Q

How does the blood supply appear on a radiographic image of the breast?

A

Low optical density structures

57
Q

Are veins or arteries larger in the breast?

A

Veins

58
Q

What are the name of the lymphatic vessels that drain the breast?

A

Superficial plexus and the deep plexus

59
Q

What is the typical size of a lymph node?

A

2 cm

60
Q

What type of shape does a lymph node typically take?

A

Kidney shaped

61
Q

Which intercostal nerves serve the breast with sensory and sympathetic functions?

A

4th 5th & 6th

62
Q

Describe the ductal system within the breast

A

Lobules deep within the breast, segmental/mammory ducts, nipple

63
Q

How do the ducts change as they approach the nipple?

A

They gradually increase in size

64
Q

What is the area immediately behind the nipple that is a pouch like orifice?

A

Ampulla or lactiferous sinus

65
Q

What is a connecting duct between the nipple orifice in the ampulla?

A

Lactiferous duct

66
Q

Where does milk production begin?

A

In lobules/terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU’s)

67
Q

What part of the breast have the most rapidly dividing cells?

A

Terminal Ductile lobular units (TDLUs)

68
Q

How many lobes will the average female breast eventually develop?

A

15 to 20 lobes

69
Q

Contains a tree like pattern of ductal structures radiating out from the nipple

A

Each lobe of the breast

70
Q

what are the fibrous and glandular tissues within the breast generally described as?

A

fibroglandular densities

71
Q

Name some factors that affect breast tissue

A

Menarche, hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, lactation, genetic predisposition, or menopause.

72
Q

what factors affect breast tissue composition?

A

menarche, hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, lactation, menopause, genetic predeposition

73
Q

When does the female breast start to form?

A

when the ovaries begin to produce estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

what is the first mensus called?

A

menarche

75
Q

the hormone responsible for ductal proliferation

A

estrogen

76
Q

the hormone responsible for lobular proliferation and growth

A

progesterone

77
Q

how soon before a woman’s period can breast changes occur? and how long until they go back to normal?

A

3-4 days before, 5-10 days after.

78
Q

lactation is made possible by the hormone called ______ and by secretions from the ________.

A

prolactin; adrenal cortex

79
Q

what is the overall effect of lactation on the breast?

A

denser and larger breast

80
Q

the term used to indicate pregnancy being carried to a point of viability (24-26 weeks of gestation) regardless of the outcome

A

parity

81
Q

the time of a woman’s life where glandular, supportive, and connective tissue are replaced by fatty tissue

A

involution

82
Q

when is menopause considered to have started?

A

period free with no spotting, being pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medications, or having undergone surgery for at least 1 year.

83
Q

when can menopause normally occur

A

between ages 45-54

84
Q

what are positive effects of HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy)?

A

alleviates most of the symptoms of menopause and can prevent osteoporosis-related fractures

85
Q

what are negative effects of HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy)?

A

cause an increase in the size of fibroadenomas and the development or increase in the size of cysts in the breast which can mimic carcinoma

86
Q

the process of increasing the size of the breast

A

augmentation

87
Q

what is the only way a lesion can be classified?

A

through a histological or cytological analysis

88
Q

What are 4 characteristics of benign lesions?

A

Circumscribed, radiolucent, radiolucent and radiopaque combined, halo sign

89
Q

Circular or oval in size/shape with smooth borders

A

Circumscribed benign lesion

90
Q

What are the 2 most common circular or oval lesions?

A

Cysts and fibroadenomas

91
Q

This type of benign lesion are often symptomatic and are detected by the patient as a palpable mass

A

Circumscribed benign lesion

92
Q

In these lesions, the surrounding parenchymal structures can be seen through the lesion

A

Radiolucent benign lesions

93
Q

It may be more difficult to visualize the parenchymal structures through these lesions

A

Radiolucent and radiopaque combined benign lesions

94
Q

What are 4 different characteristics of malignant lesions?

A

Spiculated borders, irregular or obscured borders, multiple lobulated and randomly orientated, radiopaque and highly radiopaque

95
Q

These are a strong indication for malignancy

A

Spiculated borders malignant lesions

96
Q

Benign lesions, such as postoperative fibrosis, fat necrosis, abscess, and hematomas, can mimic ___________.

A

Spiculated lesions

97
Q

In-drawing or renting of the breast parenchyma can be a sign of

A

Malignancy

98
Q

Radiolucent or radiopaque and any combination in between

A

Optical density

99
Q

Placement of the calcification in the breast

A

Distribution

100
Q

Variation in optical density, distribution, number, morphology, or size over time

A

Change over time

101
Q

Calcifications >0.5 in diameter

A

Coarse

102
Q

Calcifications >1 mm in diameter and often associated with ducts

A

Linear or rod-like

103
Q

If the calcifications are <0.5 mm in diameter

A

Round or punctuate

104
Q

Fine, linear, or branching calcifications that can be fragmented with irregular contours and are often malignant

A

Casting type

105
Q

Calcifications forming multiple flake-like irregular clusters that can be microcalcifications or macrocalcifications and typically of immediate concern

A

Amorphous or indistinct

106
Q

Calcification of different shapes, irregular in form, size, and optical density and are typically malignant

A

Pleomorphic or granular

107
Q

Smooth contours, high uniform optical density benign breast calcification appearance

A

Plasma cell mastitis

108
Q

Evenly scattered homogenous benign breast calcification appearance

A

Calcifies arteries

109
Q

Sharply outlined, spherical or oval benign breast calcification appearance

A

Oil cysts

110
Q

Pear-like densities resembling teacups or pearl drops on the lateral projection benign breast calcification appearance

A

Milk of calcium

111
Q

Bilateral and evenly scattered following the course of the ducts throughout much of the parenchyma benign breast calcification appearance

A

Plasma cell mastitis

112
Q

Ring-like, hollow benign breast calcification appearance

A

Sebaceous gland Calcifications

113
Q

Eggshell-like benign breast calcification appearance

A

Oil cyst, papilloma

114
Q

Large bizarre size benign breast calcification appearance

A

Hemangiomas

115
Q

Calcifications on the skin

A

Dermal Calcifications

116
Q

This condition can produce Calcifications that tend to be linear and segmental but are sometimes malignant appearing

A

Sclerosis adenosis or ductal hyperplasia

117
Q

Produces large Calcifications, whether Periductal or intraductal, and are the result of secretions within dilated ducts

A

Ductal ectasia or plasma cell mastitis

118
Q

Where do the majority of breast diseases occur?

A

TDLUs

119
Q

What are the 2 main classifications of breast cancer

A

Ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma

120
Q

Is the most common breast cancer, accounting for about 90% of all breast cancers

A

Ductal carcinoma

121
Q

Accounts for 5% to 10% of all breast cancers

A

Lobular carcinoma

122
Q

The cancer is confined to the duct and does not invade the duct walls

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

123
Q

This is commonly referred to as stage 0 carcinoma

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

124
Q

The cancer has spread from the ducts into the surrounding stromal tissue and may or may not extend into the pectoral fascia and muscle

A

Invasive or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)

random mammography2 (4 decks)

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