Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

random mammography2 > Quiz 2: Diagnostic, Interventional, and Treatment Procedures > Flashcards

Quiz 2: Diagnostic, Interventional, and Treatment Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first step in the fight against breast cancer

A

detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the microscopic examination of cell samples

A

cytological analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the microscopic examination of tissue samples

A

histological analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the removal of the content of a cyst for testing of analysis

A

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

for a biopsy on a nonpalpable lesion, how would you determine its exact location

A

stereotactic imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is done to triangulate a lesion for a stereotactic biopsy?

A

the tube is angled 15° to the left & right of the x axis for 2 scout images.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are used to position a biopsy probe within the breast at the calculated coordinates

A

stereotactic calibrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 machine options for stereotactic breast biopsies?

A

add on attachment to regular mammogram machine or

a dedicated prone biopsy system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is done when stereotactic breast biopsy is not available?

A

preoperative needle localization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much guide wire is left in the lesion after a preoperative needle localization?

A

5 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the taking of a sample specimen for cytological or histological analysis

A

breast biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is used to obtain cellular material from the area in question for cytological analysis

A

fine needle biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

can be used to diagnose both cystic and solid lesions, such as fibroadenomas

A

fine needle biopsy (FNB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the most commonly performed, minimally invasive technique

A

core biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

removes a sample of tissue, unlike FNB

A

core biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what gauge needle is used during core biopsies?

A

11-14 gauge or larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which 2 types of biopsies involve cutting the skin by <1/4”?

A

Automatic or Mechanical Core “Gun”

Vacuum Core Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a hollow probe is inserted and guided to the area of interest. A cylinder of tissue is then suctioned out and pulled through a hole in its side. a rotating knife inside the probe cuts the tissue sample from the rest of the breast

A

Vacuum Core Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is used to remove parts of a lesion

A

incisional biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is used to remove the entire lesion

A

excisional biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which type of biopsy has the lowest false negative rates?

A

open surgical biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which surgery is the most invasive and has the highest complication rate?

A

open surgical biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what false negative rate has been reported for core biopsies?

A

4%-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the false negative rate for FNB’s?

A

5%-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the surgical clips made of that are placed at the biopsy site of the breast?

A

stainless steel or collagen based products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

true or false: a specimen radiograph should be performed after every biopsy to confirm that the lesion was removed and that the margins are clean

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

t/f: technologists should always use compression and magnification when radiographing biopsy specimens

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

can be performed to evaluate suspicious nipple discharge

A

ductography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The general term used when describing reshaping of the breast

A

Mammoplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Includes any reconstruction of the breast for nonmedical reasons

A

Cosmetic intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is it called when an implant is placed in front of the pectoral muscle?

A

Subglandular or retromammary implants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is it called when an implant is placed behind the pectoral muscle?

A

Subpectoral or retropectoral implants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The surgical removal of the entire breast

A

Mastectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Involves the removal of the entire breast, lymph nodes, in the chest wall muscles under the breast

A

Radical mastectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Is rarely performed today because the modified mastectomy is just as effective and is less debilitating and deforming

A

Radical mastectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Involves the removal of the entire breast, including the nipple/areola region and some of the under arm lymph nodes

A

Modified radical mastectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Involves the removal of the breast tissue, but the nipple-areola complex remains.

A

Nipple-sparing mastectomy

38
Q

This procedure can be used by women with relatively small tumors or non-aggressive cancers or as a prophylactic procedure

A

Nipple – sparing mastectomy

39
Q

Involves the removal of a healthy breast when the individual has a high risk factor for developing breast cancer

A

Prophylactic mastectomy

40
Q

Involves the removal of the malignant tumor in the margins of the surrounding normal breast tissue

A

Lumpectomy

41
Q

Is often combined with other therapy options, such as radiation treatment, chemotherapy, or hormonal treatment.

A

Lumpectomy

42
Q

How many weeks of radiation therapy is usually given if a lumpectomy is followed by radiation therapy?

A

6 weeks

43
Q

How long does it usually take to begin radiation treatment after surgery?

A

1 month (to allow for healing)

44
Q

What two options can be given to control the systemic spread of breast cancer after a lumpectomy?

A

Chemo therapy or treatment with the drug tamoxifen

45
Q

Clear fluid trapped in the wound

A

Seroma

46
Q

This procedure to remove the under arm lymph nodes during mastectomy or lumpectomy

A

Axillary node dissection

47
Q

Involves the removal of only one to three sentinel lymph nodes in the axillary area

A

Sentinel lymph node biopsy

48
Q

What is taken into consideration when staging breast cancer?

A

Invasive or non-invasive, determine size and location, determines whether there is lymph node involvement, and determines whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body

49
Q

During the American joint committee on Cancer staging system, what does the TN & M stand for?

A

Tumor size, lymph node spread, assess distant metastasis

50
Q

Usually begins one month after surgery, giving the breast time to heal. Treatment time is typically 15 to 30 minutes with radiation given five times per week for 5 to 8 weeks

A

External beam radiation

51
Q

Involves applying radiation from inside out. Treatment can be reduced from eight weeks to 5-9 days

A

Internal beam radiation

52
Q

What is another name for internal beam radiation?

A

Brachytherapy

53
Q

How soon can internal beam radiation therapy begin after a lumpectomy?

A

Immediately

54
Q

Is an adjuvant therapy and involves the use of drugs to treat cancer that may have spread beyond the breast

A

Chemotherapy

55
Q

Is given before surgery to help shrink the cancerous tumor

A

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

56
Q

Is given in addition to another breast cancer treatment, for example, mastectomy

A

Adjuvant chemotherapy

57
Q

How long does chemotherapy treatment last?

A

3-6 months

58
Q

Will determine the exact genetic profile of the altered cancer cells & design a treatment plan based on the nature of these cells or subcells

A

Molecular treatment

59
Q

What drug class is often used during molecular treatment?

A

SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators)

60
Q

Are used to shrink or stop the recurrence of breast cancer or lower the risks of breast cancer recurrence in postmenopausal women

A

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

61
Q

what are the 3 drug options for molecular treatment?

A

tamoxifen, raloxifene (Evista), and Fulvestrant (Faslodex)

62
Q

which SERM has fewer adverse effects?

A

Raloxifene (Evista)

63
Q

which SERM is antiestrogen?

A

Fulvestrant (Faslodex)

64
Q

slows or stops the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors by blocking the body’s ability to produce hormones or by interfering with hormone action.

A

hormone therapy

65
Q

what is used to treat tumors if they are hormone insensitive?

A

aromatase inhibitors

66
Q

used to treat estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) cancers

A

aromatase inhibitors

67
Q

can be used to block the activity of an enzyme called aromatase

A

aromatase inhibitors

68
Q

the body uses this enzyme to make estrogen in the ovaries and other tissues

A

aromatase

69
Q

are used primarily in postmenopausal women because the ovaries in premenopausal women produce too much aromatose

A

aromatase inhibitors

70
Q

what are the 3 drugs used for aromatase inhibitation?

A

exemestane (Aromasin), anastrozole (Arimidex), and letrozole (Femara)

71
Q

effective therapy for HER2/neu aggressive cancers

A

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

72
Q

what is a major adverse effect of trastuzumab?

A

damage to the heart muscle

73
Q

effective in the treatment of HER2 aggressive cancers and cancers that are both HER2+ and ER+

A

Lapatinib (Tykerb)

74
Q

major side effect of this drug causes liver damage

A

Lapatinib (Tykerb)

75
Q

can show inherited mutations that predispose a woman to cancer

A

Gene Therapy

76
Q

what are 3 uses of gene therapy?

A
  1. inserts specific genes into cells to restore missing function or give new function
  2. prevents cancer from developing
  3. stops other genes that allow cancer cells to metastasize
77
Q

seeks to create an immune system response within each patient and to prime the body to kill cancer cells or to strengthen the immune systems ability to recognize and attack cancer cells

A

immunotherapy or biotherapy

78
Q

what percent of cancer patients experience pain?

A

30%

79
Q

what percent of patients are undertreated for cancer pain

A

50%

80
Q

what are the 2 types of breast reconstruction done after breast cancer reconstruction?

A

immediate reconstruction and delayed reconstruction

81
Q

why may it be necessary to do a delayed reconstruction after post-breast cancer breast reconstruction?

A

if radiation immediately follows a mastectomy or if the skin is damaged by the radiation

82
Q

what are the modern techniques for breast implants?

A

behind the pectoral muscle (subpectoral or retropectoral)

83
Q

what are the older techniques for breast implants?

A

in front of the pectoral muscle (subglandular or retromammory placement)

84
Q

flap surgery that removes skin and fat from the abdomen, back, or buttocks and uses it to form a new breast

A

autologous tissue

85
Q

what does TRAM flap stand for?

A

transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap

86
Q

when muscle, fat, and skin from abdomen is used to create a new breast mound

A

TRAM flap

87
Q

further surgery needed to make the nipple and areola after reconstruction

A

TRAM flap

88
Q

the flap is completely removed, and microsurgery is needed to recreate blood supply when the flap is positioned as a breast mold

A

free flap

89
Q

the flap remains attached to its original blood supply, and it is tunneled under skin to the breast area

A

pedicle flap

90
Q

what are the 3 autologous tissue ariations?

A

DIEP (deep inferior epigastric perforator), SIEP (superficial inferior epigastric perforator), latissimus flap

91
Q

what is the recovery time for most flap reconstruction?

A

4-6 weeks

92
Q

for flap reconstruction, how long are patients usually required to have a drain for?

A

1-2 weeks

random mammography2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions