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random mammography2 > Quiz 1: Patient Education and Assessment > Flashcards

Quiz 1: Patient Education and Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biggest risk factor for breast cancer

A

gender

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2
Q

consent assumed by nonverbal cues, such as nodding or lifting the arm when told that an injection is required

A

expressed consent

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3
Q

consent assumed in an emergency situation where the patient is unable to make a decision generally, additional documentation is required.

A

implied consent

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4
Q

defines information collected from the patient and can be seen, heard, or felt (ex. lump in the breast)

A

objective data

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5
Q

are factors perceived by the affected individual only (ex. pain in the breast)

A

subjective data

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6
Q

use non-directed or non-leading methods to avoid leading the patient to give only certain responses and to allow an unbiased input

A

open-ended questions

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7
Q

uses gestures such as a nod or saying “yes” “okay” or “go on” to encourage elaboration

A

facilitiation

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8
Q

used to get more details about the problem

A

probing questions

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9
Q

will reword the question to clarify information and can be used to verify that the patient has not changed his or her mind

A

repitition

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10
Q

is used to verify the accuracy of the information

A

summarization

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11
Q

are Breast Self Examinations recommended to be performed routinely?

A

no

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12
Q

when is the best time to perform BSE?

A

a few days after the end of the menstral period or 5-10 days after the start of the period

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13
Q

when does the ACS start recommending CBE and how often.

A

ages 20-39 every 3 years and every year for age 40 and up

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14
Q

which position(s) should the CBE be performed?

A

upright and supine

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15
Q

what are the 2 main criteria in any breast examination

A

looking for changes & feeling for changes

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16
Q

Screening Guidelines for US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)

A

*BSE and CBE not recommended
Ages 40-49: screening only based on risk factors. The USPSTF recommends against routinely providing this service.
Ages 50-74: screening begins, mammogram every 2 years
Ages 75 & Up: no screening recommendations

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17
Q

Screening Guidelines for American College of Obstetetricians and Gynecologists

A

Ages 40-49: screening every 1 o 2 years

Age 50+: screening every year

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18
Q

Screening Guidelines for American Cancer Society ACS

A

Ages 40-44: annual screening/CBE if they wish
Ages 45-54: screening if they wish and CBE every year
Ages 55+: screening every 1-2 years; BSE and CBE not recommended
Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer
breast examinations not recommended for average risk women at any age

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19
Q

what is breast cancer

A

a disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells.

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20
Q

what is the key to breast cancer treatment

A

discovering and removing the cancer at an early stage

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21
Q

what is the sensitivity of mammography dependent on?

A

tissue composition, patient age, and hormone status of patient

22
Q

what is the error rate for mammography screenings?

A

10% - 15%

23
Q

what happens to womens breast composition as they age?

A

the glanularity of breast composition decreases and the sensitivity of mammography increases

24
Q

what is the dose of choice when calculating radiation doses associated with mammography

A

glandular dose

25
Q

how is the glandular dose in screening mammography and why?

A

the glandular dose is very low because the dose falls off rapidly as the low photon energy beam penetrates the breast

26
Q

what glandular dose of a singular projection does the ACR recommend with and without a grid?

A

With Grid - 3 mGy (0.3 rad or 300 mrad)

Without Grid - 1 mGy (0.1 rad or 100 mrad)

27
Q

what are the major risk factors for breast cancer?

A

age, gender, genetic risk factors, family history of breast cancer, personal history of breast cancer, radiation therapy

28
Q

what was DES used for

A

it was used by pregnant women in the US during 1940-1971 to prevent miscarriage. studies showed that women who took DES while pregnant had a slightly increased risk of breast cancer

29
Q

how does menstration affect breast cancer risk factors?

A

early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55). increased menstrual cycles means increased risk of breast cancer

30
Q

which race has highest incidence rate for breast cancer?

A

white women

31
Q

which race is the most likely to die from breast cancer?

A

African Americans

32
Q

how does breast feeding affect likeliness of getting breast cancer?

A

breastfeeding has a protective affect on breast cancer

33
Q

what is DCIU

A

ductal carcinoma in situ

34
Q

is early breast cancer symptomatic?

A

no

35
Q

early DCIU shows up normally as what initially?

A

microcalcifications

36
Q

another word for skin thickening

A

lymphedema

37
Q

non malignant skin thickening

A

sarcoidosis (an inflammatory disease)

38
Q

what color of nipple discharge could suggest malignancy?

A

red or red-brown

39
Q

what can the remnant of deodorant show up as on mammogram images?

A

microcalcifications

40
Q

during BSE, what is the most effective pattern for covering the entire breast without missing any breast tissue?

A

vertical pattern or up-and-down pattern

41
Q

what is the second most common cancer among women in the United States?

A

Skin Cancers

42
Q

what is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women?

what is the first?

A

breast; lung

43
Q

what is thought to be the reason for the decrease in the incidence of breast cancer?

A

it’s related to the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy

44
Q

what is the 5 year survival rate for a patient with stage 0 breast cancer

A

100%

45
Q

what are 4 major factors affecting the average glandular dose?

A

type of mammography unit, the x-ray beam energy(kVp), breast compression, breast composition

46
Q

greater compression of breast tissue will result in ________ dose

A

decreased

47
Q

are patients MORE likely or LESS likely to tolerate compression if they are allowed to play an active roll in applying the compression?

A

more likely

48
Q

in breast imaging, the dose calculation is based on

A

dose absorbed by the glandular tissue of the breast

49
Q

what does the term primipara mean?

A

carried a pregnancy to over 20 weeks but had a still birth

50
Q

includes signs that can be seen, heard, or felt and other factors, such as laboratory reports

A

objective data

51
Q

which type of consent is binding but difficult to prove

A

oral

52
Q

having a dense breast will ______ the risk of breast cancer

A

increase

random mammography2 (4 decks)

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