Quiz 4 flashcards
What are the 5 different types of Leukocytes (WBC’s)?
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
What are the characteristics and functions of Neutophils?
CHARACTERISTICS:
-50-70% of total leukocyte count
-stains that are chemically neutral (neither acidic nor basic)
-nucleus has a distinct lobed appearance and have 2-5 lobes
-polymorphonuclear/nucleus with many forms
FUNCTION:
-responders to the site of infection and are efficient phagocytes with a preference of bacteria
-granules:
-lysozymes
-oxidants (hydrogen peroxide)
-defensins that are proteins that bind to and puncture bacterial and fungal plasma membranes
What are the characteristics and functions of Eosinophils
CHARACTERISTICS:
-2-4% of total leukocyte count
-stain best with an acidic stain known as eosin
-nucleus has 2-3 lobes and granules will have a distinct red to orange color
FUNCTION:
-granules include antihistamine molecules and counteract activities of histamines, inflammatory chemicals produced by basophils and mast cells
-toxic to parasitic worms
-high counts are typical of patients experiencing allergies, parasitic worm infestations, and some autoimmune diseases
What are the characteristics and functions of basophils
CHARACTERISTICS:
-less than 1% of total leukocyte count
-stain best with basic (alkaline) stains
-contain large granules that pick up a dark blue stain intensify the inflammatory response
FUNCTION:
-share traits with mast cells
-release histamines, which contribute to inflammation
-release heparin, which opposes blood clotting
-high counts are associated with allergies, parasitic infections, and hypothyroidism
What are the characteristics and functions of Lymphocytes
CHARACTERISTICS:
-only formed element of blood that arises from lymphoid stem cells
-20-30% of all leukocytes
-high lymphocyte counts are characteristic of viral infections
-3 major groups are: natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells
What are Natural killer cells (NK cells)
They recognize cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers
What are B cells (plasma cells)
-Produces the antibodies or immunoglobulins
-humoral (body fluid) immunity
What are T cells
-They provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
What are the characteristics and function of Monocytes
CHARACTERISTICS:
-originate from myeloid stem cells
-2-8% of the total leukocyte count
-indented or horseshoe-shaped nuclei
FUNCTION:
-Surround and kill microorganisms
-ingest foreign material
-remove dead cells
-boost immune responses
-release antimicrobial defensins and chemotactic chemicals that attract other leukocytes to the site of an infection
What is hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis?
The process or blood replacement by the body
BEFORE BIRTH:
-liver
-spleen
-lymphatic tissue
-red bone marrow
AFTER BIRTH:
-red bone marrow
-cranial and pelvic bones
-vertebrae
-sternum
-proximal epiphyses of femur and humerus
What are 3 hemopoietic growth factors
-Erythropoietin
-Thrombopoietin
-Cytokines
What are Erythropoietin
-Secreted by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
-prompts the production of erythrocytes
-athletes use synthetic EPO as a performance enhancing drug (blood doping) to increase RBC counts
What are Thrombopoietin
-Produced by the liver and kidneys
-triggers development of megakaryocytes into platelets
What are Cytokines
-Colony-stimulating factors (CSF’s)
-trigger the differentiating of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes, namely neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
-Interleukins
-signaling molecules important in hemopoiesis
What are the 4 types of anemia and their causes
SICKLE CELL
-genetic disorder caused by production of an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S
IRON DEFICIENCY
-most common
-insufficient iron available to allow production of sufficient heme
VITAMIN-DEFICIENT
-Megaloblastic anemia: Vit B12 deficiency and/or folate
-Pernicious anemia: Poor B12 absorption
THALASEMIA
-an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.
What is the role of iron and B12 in blood?
IRON: allows the production of heme (a molecule that helps bind oxygen and iron in the blood stream)
B12: Forms red blood cells and DNA
What is the role/function of the kidneys in blood production
The kidneys secrete erythropoietin and produce thrombopoietin
What is the difference between anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukemia
ANEMIA:
-when there is a lack of red blood cells or there are dysfunctional red blood cells leading to reduced oxygen flow to the body
THROMBOCYTOPENIA:
-blood may not clot properly, and excessive bleeding may result
LEUKEMIA:
-cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes
-Chronic leukemia is when mature leukocytes accumulate and fail to die
-Acute leukemia is when there is an overproduction of young, immature leukocytes
What are immunoglobulins
They are gamma globulins/antibodies and are produced by B cells (plasma cells) in response to exposure to antigens
What is the difference between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
OXYGEN RICH BLOOD: left side of the heat pumps blood from the lungs to the rest of the body (oxygenated blood)
OXYGEN POOR BLOOD: right side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood from the body to the lungs to receive oxygen (non-oxygenated blood)
What are the layers of the heart wall
-Epicardium (outermost layer)
-Myocardium (middle layer)
-Endocardium (innermost layer)
what is the pericardium
It directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial cavity
What are the 4 valves of the heart and their functions
-Tricuspid valve: allow blood flowing into the heart from body to flow to the right ventricle to get pumped to lungs for oxygen
-Pulmonary valve: pick up oxygen to deliver to body
-Mitral valve: keep blood flowing in the right direction
-Aortic valve: keep blood flowing in the right direction through heart
What are the 5 great vessels of the heart
-inferior vena cava
-superior vena cava
-pulmonary arteries
-pulmonary veins
-root of the aorta
What is the path of blood flow through the heart
R.T.R.P.P.P.L.P.L.B.L.A.A.S
- Right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary arteries
- lungs
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- bicuspid valve
- left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve
- aorta
- systemic circulation
what is the chordae tendinae and its function
it is where the flab of the valve is attached and its function is to maintain the position and tension of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valve)
What is the papillary muscles function
-connect each of the flaps that extends from the inferior ventricular surface
-three papillary muscles in the right ventricle:
-anterior, posterior and septal
-correspond to the three sections of the valves
What is the function of the interventricular septum
it separates the two ventricles and allows for proper blood flow through the heart
What are the 4 chambers of the heart and their function
-RIGHT ATRIUM AND LEFT ATRIUM (upper chambers) :acts as a receiving chamber
-RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE (lower chambers): serve as the primary pumping chambers
What are the 7 coronary arteries
-LEFT AND RIGHT CORONARY ARTERIES
-EPICARDIAL CORONARY ARTERIES
-CIRCUMFLEX CORONARY ARTERIES
-LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY (LAD)
-MARGINAL ARTERIES
-POSTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY
What is the function of the left and right coronary arteries
to supply blood to your heart
What is the function of the epicardial coronary artery
Branches that remain on the surface of artery and follow the sulci
What is the function of the circumflex arteries
-rises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left
-fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery
What is the function of the left anterior descending artery
Interconnect with the branches of the posterior intercentricular artery, forming anastomoses
what is the function of the marginal arteries
to supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle
What is the function of the posterior descending artery
It gives rise to branches that supply the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles
What is the function or the pulmonary veins and arteries
PULMONARY VEINS: to transfer fresh oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart
PULMONARY ARTERIES: carry blood from your heart to your lungs
What is vasodilation and vasoconstriction
VASODILATION:
-smooth muscle relaxes
-allowing the lumen to widen
-increases blood flow and blood pressure to drop
VASOCONSTRICTION:
-smooth muscle in the walls of the tunica media contracts
-making the lumen narrower
-decreases blood flow
-increases blood pressure
What is the renal artery and its function
-the main blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney and its nearby adrenal gland and ureter
-to carry larger amounts of blood from the aorta to the kidneys
What is the common hepatic artery and its function
-one of the final branches of the celiac artery
-supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver, duodenum, and pancreas
what is the aorta and its function
-the largest artery of the body
-carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system/the rest of your body
What is the inferior mesenteric artery and its function
-An anterior branch of the abdominal aorta
-supplies blood to the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, and proximal 2/3 of the rectum
What is the internal iliac artery and its function
-The primary artery supplying the pelvic viscera and an important contributor to structures of the pelvic wall, perineum, gluteal region, and thigh
What is the commonly used vessel for blood extraction
-Tunica Intima/tunica interna
-Tunica media
What is the hepatic portal vein
-a blood vessel that carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, and gallbladder
-liver receives bloof from the normal systemic circulation via the hepatic artery
-it also receives and processes blood from other organs, delivered via the veins of the hepatic portal system
-all blood exits the liver bia the hepatic vein, which delivers the blood to the inferior vena cava
What are the 4 vessels in the hepatic portal system
-hepatic portal
-superior mesenteric
-splenic
-inferior mesenteric
What is the function of arteries
-Blood vessels that conducts blood away from the heart
what are the 3 kinds of arteries
ELASTIC ARTERIES
-have the thickest walls
-contain high percentage of elastic fibers in all three tunics
MUSCULAR ARTERIES
-thick tunica media
-play a leading role in vasoconstriction
-also known as a distributing artery
ARTERIOLE
-very small artery that leads to a capillary
What are capillaries
-they supply blood to the tissues themselves, a process called perfusion
-where exchange of gases and other substances occurs
-microcirculation (flow of capillaries)
-wall of capillaries consists of endothelial layer surrounded by a basement membrane
What are the 3 major types of capillaries and how are they categorized?
-Continuous
-fenestrated
-sinusoid capillaries
They are categorized by “leakiness”
What are continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries and where are they found
CONTINUOUS:
-complete endothelial lining with thigh junctions
-intercellular clefts that allow for exchange
-glucose, water, and small hydrophobic molecules like gases and hormones, as well as various leukocytes can pass between
FENESTRATED:
-has pores (or fenestrations) in addition to tight junctions
-permeable to larger molecules
-common in small intestines, kidneys, and choroid plexus of brain
SINUSOID:
-flattened, and have intercellular gaps and incomplete basement membranes, in addition to intercellurlar clefts and fenestrations
-very large openings allow passage of the largest molecules, including plasma proteins and cells
-found in the liver and spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
-appearance not unlike swiss cheese
What is the Circle of Willis and its function
-arterial circle
-provides collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas
-anastomosis that is remarkably like a traffic circle that sends off branches (in this case, arterial branches to the brain)
-branches to the anterior portion of the cerebrum are normally fed by the internal carotid arteries
-remainder of the brain receives blood flow from branches associated with the vertebral arteries
-anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
-middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes and is the most common sites of CVAs
What are the 9 lymphatic structures
-lymphatic vessels
-lymph nodes
-lymphatic capillaries
-lacteals
-chyle
-lymphatic trunks
-cisterna chyli
-right lymphatic duct
-thoracic duct
where are the tonsils located
along the inner surface of the pharynx
what are peyer’s patches and its function
- a group of well-organized lymphoid follicles located in the lamina propia and submucosa of the distal portion of the small intestines
-immune responses within digestive system
-contain endothelial cells called M (or microfold) cells
-Recognizes and destroys potential pathogens in digestive system
What is the function of lacteals
they are lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines that transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins to the blood stream
What is the difference between red and white pulp
RED PULP:
-mostly RBC
-consists of reticular fibers with marophages and lymphocytes
-use nonspecific immune response cells
-filters the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn out RBCs
WHITE PULP:
-resembles the lymphoid follicles of the lymph nodes
-surrounds a central arteriole
-consists of germinal centers of dividing B cells surrounded by T cells and acessory cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells
-where adaptive T and B cell responses are mounted
-function is to produce lymphocytes
What is the difference between red and white pulp
RED PULP:
-mostly RBC
-consists of reticular fibers with marophages and lymphocytes
-use nonspecific immune response cells
-filters the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn out RBCs
WHITE PULP:
-resembles the lymphoid follicles of the lymph nodes
-surrounds a central arteriole
-consists of germinal centers of dividing B cells surrounded by T cells and acessory cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells
-where adaptive T and B cell responses are mounted
-function is to produce lymphocytes
What are the primary lymphoid organs
-red bone marrow
-thymus gland
What are the secondary lymphoid organs
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-tonsils
-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
-bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
what are the Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissues
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes:
-tonsils
-peyer’s patches
-appendix
-colonic and cecal patches
-isolated lymphoid follicules (ILF)
Where is MALT located?
found underlying the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, breast tissue, lungs, and eyes
What is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood
hemocytoblast
no visible cytoplasmic granules are present in
-monocytes
-basophils
-eosinophils
-neutrophils
monocytes
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of what
pernicious anemia
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
-They are the most numerous of the formed elements in blood.
-They are nucleated.
-They have cytoplasmic granules.
-They are phagocytic.
they are nucleated
what does the foramen ovale do
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
match the following figure with the correct part/s of the part
-tricuspid valve
-left ventricle
-pulmonary veins
-tricuspid valve - B
-left ventricle - E
-pulmonary veins - C
what is the difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
cardiac muscles have gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
what part of the heart prevents backflow into the left ventricle
aortic valve
true or false, vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction
false
Which statement best describes arteries?
-All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
-All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
-All carry blood away from the heart.
-Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
-All carry blood away from the heart.
The hepatic portal vein ________.
carries nutrient rich blood to the liver
what is the most common type of blood capillary
continuous capillary
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
capillaries
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.
muscular arteries
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
tunica media
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.
sinusoids
what are small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels called
lymph nodes
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
Which of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system?!
-erythrocytes
-lymph
-lymphatic vessels
-lymph nodes
erythrocytes
the main site of gas exchange is the____.
alveoli
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
secrete surfactant
Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
-The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
-The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
-The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
-The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
-The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
