Quiz 3 flashcards
Where does the cervical spinal nerve (C1)emerge?
C1 emerges between the first cervical vertebra and the occipital bone
Where does the cervical spinal nerve C2 emerge?
C2 emerges between the first and second cervical vertebrae
Where does the cervical spinal nerve C8 emerge?
C8 emerges between the seventh cervical vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebra
What is the difference between the epineurium and the endoneurium?
EPINEURIUM: The outer surface of the nerve
ENDONEURIUM: Individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue
What cranial nerve emerges through the ethmoid bone
The olfactory nerve
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
hint: On old olympus towering tops a finn and german viewed some hops
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI.Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Auditory (Vestibulocochlear)
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Spinal accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
What is the function of the Olfactory nerve (I)
smell
What is the function of the Optic nerve (II)
Vision
What is the function of the Oculomotor nerve (III)
Eye movements
What is the function of the Trochlear nerve (IV)
Eye movements
What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve (V)
Sensory/motor-face
What is the function of the Abducens nerve (VI)
Eye movements
What is the function of the Facial nerve (VII)
Motor- face,taste
What is the function of the Auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve (VIII)
Hearing/balance
What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Motor- throat taste
What is the function of the Vagus nerve (X)
Motor/sensory-viscera (autonomic)
What is the function of the Spinal accessory nerve (XI)
Motor- head and neck
What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Motor- lower throat
What is the longest and largest cranial nerve
The longest cranial nerve is the vagus nerve
The largest cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve
What are the difference between afferent, efferent, sensory, and motor nerves
-Afferent nerves carry information from sensory receptors from the skin and other organs to the CNS
-Efferent nerves carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body
How is the sacral plexus in relation to buttocks injections
A fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure the sacral plexus.
It may cause sciatica, compression or irritation of the nerve or any of the spinal nerves giving rise to it.
What plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from?
It arises from the cervical plexus C1-C5
What is the difference between sulci and gyri?
SULCI: grooves between gyri
GYRI: ridge of one of those wrinkles
What is the brain fissures and the part of the brain they separate?
Longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into two halves, the left and right hemisphere
What is the sense for hearing
Audition
What is the sense for balance
equilibrium
What are the structures of the eye that light passes through in order
- cornea
- aqueous humor that surrounds the lens
- lens
- vitreous humor
What is the function of the iris?
It is the colored part of the eye that opens and closes the pupil
What is the function of the aqueous humor?
Watery fluid between the lens and cornea.
It bathes and nourishes the lens and maintains pressure in the eye.
What is the function of the lens?
It helps focus light rays to the back of the eye (retina)
What is the function of the cornea
Cover the anterior tip of the eye and allows light to enter the eye
What is the function of the sclerae
To connect the eyelids to the eyeball
What is the function of the stapes
To transmit sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window
What is the function of the recti muscle?
To allow the eyes to move
What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
To vibrate after being struck by sound waves
What is the function of the cochlear duct
It contains sound-transducing neurons and contains the organs of corti
What is the function of the organ of corti?
Transduce the wave motion of the two scala.
Lie on top of the basilar membrane
What is the function of vestibule?
It helps maintain equilibrium/balance
What are the different layers on neurons in the retina and what are their functions?
-Rods (responsible for vision at night)
-Cones (responsible for vision during the day)
-Bipolar cells (collects photoreceptor signals from outter retina)
-Ganglion cells (axons collect at the optic disk and leave the eye as the optic nerve)
What is the role of the pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube)?
equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane
What are otoliths?
calcium carbonate crystals in the inner ear
What are ossicles?
Three small bones in the middle ear
What is the sense for taste?
gustation
What is the sense for smell?
Olfaction
What are the characteristics and functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
-“rest and digest”/ responsible when the relaxed, resting, and feeding.
-craniosacral
-terminal and intramural ganglia
-decreases heart rate and respiration and increases digestion
What are the characteristic and functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
-“Fight or Flight”
-Thoracolumbar system
-Sympathetic chain ganglia
-Accelerate heart rate, delivers blood to places in body that needs more oxygen
-Pupil dilation
-Sweating
Where are BETA 1 receptors located?
-Heart
-Kidney
-Fat cells
Where are BETA 2 receptors located?
airway smooth muscles
Where are ALPHA receptors located?
vascular smooth muscles
What are beta blockers?
Sympatholytic drugs that are often used to treat cardiovascular diseases because they block beta receptors associated with vasoconstriction and cardioacceleration. (They reduce blood pressue)
What is the role of the medulla?
-release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream
-control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
What is the role of the cerebellum?
-help coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both brain and body
-“little brain”
-for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
-help your body maintain homeostasis (heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature)
-in charge of ANS and the endocrine system
-involved in memory and emotion as part of the limbic system
What is the role of the thalamus?
-collection of nuclei that relay information between cerebral cortex and periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem
-All sensory information, except for sense of smell passes through thalamus before processing by cortex
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
It stimulates water reabsorption
What is the role of oxytocin?
It stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
What is cretinsim (congential hypothyroidism)
-An untreated congenital hypothyroidism, with or without swelling in the neck of the thyroid gland (goiter)
-A condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones
What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and where does it come from?
-regulating blood pressure, most prominently through their activity in the kidney to promote excretion of water and sodium
-it comes from the heart (cardiac muscle cells/artia)
What is the difference between the roles of Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Calcitonin REDUCES blood Ca2+ (calcium) levels
-Parathyroid hormone (PTH) INCREASES blood Ca2+ (calcium) levels
What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly
-Gigantism is when there is too much growth hormone, bone size increases. This leads to increased height (During childhood)
-Acromegaly is when the increase in bone size is limited to the bones of your hands, feet, and face
(During adulthood because change in height doesn’t occur in adulthood)
What serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium
vestibulocochlear
What structure covers individual neurons
endoneurium
striking the “funny bone” (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to what plexus nerve
brachial plexus
A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to what cranial nerve?
olfactory
A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. What cranial nerve has been damaged?
facial
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?
ganglion cells
What are the receptor membranes of the gustatory cells called
gustatory hairs
Select the correct statement about olfaction.
-Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.
-Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.
-Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors.
-Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical.
Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain
Preparing the body for the “fight or flight” response is the role of which nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system
The “resting and digesting” division of the ANS is what?
parasympathetic division
What part of the brain controls temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst?
hypothalamus
The spinal nerves that make up the brachial plexus consists of what nerves
C5-C8 and T1
What are the major targets of growth hormone?
bones and skeletal muscles
What organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP
the heart
What is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood?
parathyroid hormone
