Quiz 4(chapter 7&8) Flashcards
Nature-Nurture Issue
The Issue of the degree to which environment (nurture) and heredity(nature) influence behavior
Cross-Sectional Research
Comparing people of different ages at the same point in time
Longitudinal Research
Studying the same people as they age
Sequential Research
Combination of cross sectional and longitudinal;considers different age groups, examined at several points in time
Chromosomes
Rod-Shaped Structures that contain all basic hereditary information;23 pairs, one chromosome of each pair from the mother and one from the father
Zygote
The new cell formed by the union of the egg and sperm
Embryo
A developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs
Fetus
A developing individual, from eight weeks after conception untill birth
Age of Viability
The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely(about 22 weeks)
Sensitive/Critical periods:
during prenatal development, time when the fetus is particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli
PKU
child cannot produce enzyme needed for normal development; causes intellectual disabilitties
Down Syndrome
Zygote receives extra chromosome at moment of conception one of the causes of mental retardation
Teratogens
Environmental agents(drugs,chemicals,etc) that produce a birth defect
Authoritative
Firm,set limits, use reasoning, explain things, encourage independence
Uninvolved
Showed little interest, emotionally detatched believe parenting is only providing food,clothing,and shelter
Inititative guilt(3-6)
Resolved positively if parents react to childrens attempts at independence
industry vs inferiority(6-12)
resolved positively if child shows increased competency in social interactions
cognitive development
the process by which a childs understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience
Piaget SemiMotor(birth-2)
understanding comes from touching, sucking, chewing,manipulating
preoperational(2-7)
development of language and use of symbols
Piaget Concrete(7-12)
Logical thought develops,hypothetical questions
Formal operational(12-adult)
abstact,formal,logical thought
Metacognition
An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes
ZPD
Level at which a child can comprehend or perform a task on his or her own
identity vs role confusion
A time of major testing to determine one’s unique qualities,and attempt to discover their identity
Intimacy vs Isolation
Resolved positively if the person develops intimate relationships on physical,intellectual levels
Generativitiy vs stagnation
taking stock of one’s contributions to family and society
ego-integrity vs despair
reviewing lifes accomplishments and failures
Menopause
Late 40’s early 50’s the period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile
Gerontology
The study of older adults and aging
Genetic preprogramming theories of aging
human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction
War and tear theories
mechanical functions of the body stop working efficiently as you age
Fluid Intelligence
Skills such as memory,calculations,a nd analogy solving shows decline in late adulthood
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulation of information,skills,strategies learned remain steady
Drive-Reduction approaches
Lack of a basic biological requirement(water)
Intrinsic motivation
Motivated by your own enoyment
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivated by a reward
Bulimia
Disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to throw up
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotions are experienced as a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Both physiological arousal and emotional experienced are produced at the same time by the same nerve stimulus
Schachter Singer theory of emotion
Emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation
