Quiz 3 Flashcards
Cognitive learning theory
Focuses on the thought process(cognitions) that underlie learning
Cognitive map
Mental representations of spatial locations and directions
Observational Learning
Learning by watching the behavior of another person (model)
Memory
The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
Short Term memory
Second stage of memory, holds information for 15-25 secs
Chunking
Organizational items into a familiar, manageable unit
Long term memory
Third stage of memory, stores information on a relatively permanent basis
Retrieval cue
A stimulus that allows you to more easily recall a long-term money
Levels of processing
Emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed
Explicit memory
Intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit memory
Memories of which people are not consciously aware but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior
Flashbulb memory
Specific,Important, or surprising episodes from our own lives
Neutral Stimulus
Before conditioning, the stimulus does not naturally bring about the response of interest(bell)
Unconditional Stimulus
Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response, without having been learned (meat)
Unconditoned response
Natural, innate, reflexive responsel unlearned
conditional response
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
Human behavior is learned through…
Classical conditioning, Particularly emotional responses, such as fear
Extinction
A previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
Spontaneous recovery
The reemerrgence of an extinguished response after a period of rest and no further conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
A conditioned response follows a stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus; the greater the similarity, the greater the likelihood for generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
If two stimuli are sufficiently different from each other that one brings about the conditioned response but the other does not
Positive reinforcer
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative reinforcer
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in a preceding response
Punishment
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will happen again
Latent learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
Levels-of-processing theory
Emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed
Constructive processes
Memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events
Decay
The loss of information because of nonuse
Interference
Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
Cue Dependent forgetting
Forgetting due to insufficient retrieval
Proactive Interference
Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material
Nativist approach
Genetically determined, innate mechanism drives language development(Noam Chomsky)
Universal Grammar
Commons underlying structure shared by all the worlds languages
Language-Acquisition device
Neural system of the brain that Chomsky though permits understanding of language
Interactionist approach to language develop,emt
Combination of the learning theory and navist approaches
