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Biochemistry/Physiology > Quiz 4 - Biosignaling, Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Quiz 4 - Biosignaling, Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

6 Requirements for effective signal transduction

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Amplification
  3. Modularity - discrete components that interact
  4. Integration - Different signals combine to create response
  5. Feedback
  6. Fidelity - doesn’t decay over time and space
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2
Q

Autocrine

A

Signals bind to same cell

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

Signals bind to nearby cell

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4
Q

Synaptic

A

Involve signals crossing narrow synapse

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5
Q

Endocrine

A

Signals travel in bloodstream to distant targets

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6
Q

4 Components of Signal Transduction

A
  1. Signal
  2. Receptor
  3. Transduction Pathway
  4. Target
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7
Q

3 Types of signals

A
  1. Soluble - Proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates
  2. Linked - Integrins
  3. Physical - mechanical, light, temperature
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8
Q

G Protein-Coupled Receptors

A

External ligand binds to receptor, activates GTP binding protein that regulates another enzyme that creates intracellular second messengers

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9
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

A

Ligand binding activates TYR Kinase activity and autophosphorylation

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10
Q

Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase

A

Convert GTP to cGMP second messenger

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11
Q

Gated Ion Channel

A

Open or close in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential

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12
Q

Adhesion receptor (integrin)

A

Interact with things out in the ECM and affect the cytoskeleton

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13
Q

Nuclear receptor

A

Hormones enter the nucleus through the membranes and bind to DNA

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14
Q

Dissociation Constant (Kd)

A

Measure of amount of bound ligand compared to free.
High affinity receptor requires little ligand to reach dissociation (low Kd)
Low affinity receptor requires more ligand to reach dissociation

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15
Q

4 roles of plasma membrane in signaling

A
  1. Receptor Localization
  2. Ligand Exposure
  3. Signaling Complex Formation
  4. Endocytosis
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16
Q

Protein Scaffold

A

Protein binds a series of signaling proteins together at the membrane to speed up signaling. Ex.) AKAP5 scaffold protein

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17
Q

Signaling Endosome

A

Small membrane bound endosomes that group signaling proteins

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18
Q

Lipid raft types and functions

A
  1. Calveolar - Calveolin creates a dip in the membrane
  2. Planar - level with rest of membrane
    A. Signal promotion - groups signaling proteins together
    B. Signal inhibition - separates proteins to prevent signaling
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19
Q

Endocytic Pathway

A 
Sort internalized vesicles
Vesicular Fusion and Excision
Transport can occur between every compartment
Rab GTPase proteins critical
pH decreases along pathway
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20
Q

Endocytic pathway spatially and temporally regulates signaling

A
  1. Signal downregulation - endocytose and degrade or re-exocytose a receptor
  2. Signal maintenance - Increases concentration of receptor and ligand by reducing volume
  3. Signal generation - When downstream components of pathway are not membrane bound, endocytosis can bring signal to the enzymes
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21
Q

Signal transduction process

A

First messenger -> Receptor -> Signal Transducer -> Primary Effector -> Second Messenger -> Secondary Effector

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22
Q

How do chemical reactions transfer information?

A
  1. Complex formation or dissociation
  2. Structural change
  3. Post-translational modification
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23
Q

Post-Translational Modifications

A 
Phosphorylation - kinase
Ubiquitination - ubiquitin ligase
Glycosylation
Oxidation
Methylation - methyl-transferase
Acetylation - acetyltransferase
SUMOylation
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24
Q

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling

A

Monomeric GTP-ase activates MAP Kinase kinase kinase > MAP kinase kinase > MAP kinase > downstream chain
Ex.) Insulin activating transcription

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25
Q

Janus Kinase (JAK-STAT) Signaling

A

Janus kinase dimer binds to a cytokine > STAT is phosphorylated > STAT enters nucleus and affects transcription

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26
Q

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Signaling

A

Growth factor binds to an RTK > PIP2 is phosphorylated to PIP3 > chain of proteins activated
Ex.) Insulin activating glycogen synthesis

27
Q

Phospholipase C Signaling

A

Ligand binds to GPCR > alpha subunit of G-protein binds to Phospholipase C > PLC cleaves PIP 2 to create IP3 > IP3 binds to Ca2+ channels to affect other signal pathways
Ex.) Norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction

28
Q

Targets are effected to change cell function

A

Nucleus - transcription, cell division
Actin/tubulin/filaments - cell structure and motility
Enzymes - initiate metabolic pathways
Receptors - alter signal transduction
Transporters - change intracellular environment
Ion channels - change membrane potential

29
Q

Epinephrine pathway

A

Epinephrine binds to Beta-adrenergic receptor > G protein phosphorylated > alpha subunit activates Adenylyl cyclase > AC converts ATP to cAMP > Causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

30
Q

Norepinephrine Pathway

A

Norepinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptor > G protein phosphorylated > alpha subunit activates Phospholipase C > PLC cleaves IP3 from PIP2 > IP3 opens Ca2+ channels > Ca2+ activates Calmodulin > Causes smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction

31
Q

Insulin division pathway

A

Insulin binds to TYRK > TYRK phosphorylates IRS1 > IRS1 uses a chain of proteins to activate RAS (G protein) > RAS activates Raf-1 (MAP Kinase kinase kinase) > Raf activates MEK (MAP Kinase kinase) > MEK activates ERK (MAP Kinase) > ERK affects transcription factors

32
Q

Insulin Glycogenesis pathway

A

Starts same as Insulin division > IRS activates PI3K > PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3 > Factors activated to convert Glucose to glycogen

33
Q

Toll-Like Receptors

A

Specific receptors recognize bacterial cell walls (Gram - or Gram +)

34
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single units of sugars. Can have 3-8 carbons

35
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

Monosaccharide. An aldotriose (3 carbons, =O on terminal carbon)

36
Q

D-Glucose

A

Monosaccharide. An aldohexose (6 carbons, =O on terminal carbon)

37
Q

D-fructose

A

Monosaccharide. A ketohexose (6 carbons, =O on 2nd carbon)

38
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

Same atoms, but differ in attachment of atoms

39
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement

40
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror image of a molecule

41
Q

Diastereomers

A

Isomers that are not mirror images

42
Q

Formation of cyclic sugars

A

Aldehyde sugars are highly reactive in linear form, form cyclic, form 6 carbon ring
Ketone sugars are less reactive, form 5 carbon ring

43
Q

Pyranose

A

6 Carbon ring. Glucose forms 2 different conformations in solution. Form Chair and Boat conformations

44
Q

Furanose

A

5 carbon ring. Fructose forms 2 different conformations in solution

45
Q

Reducing Sugar

A

Able to reduce another molecule or element
Ex.) Cu2+ –> Cu+
Sugar is oxidized
Important indicator of blood glucose testing.
Reducing sugar has free aldehyde or ketone group. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars, glucose is more effective than fructose

46
Q

Complex sugars

A

Glucose can be modified by acetylation, phosphorylation, etc.

47
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugars joined together
Lactose = Galactose + Glucose 1-4 linkage
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose 1-2 linkage

48
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Chains of sugar monomers

49
Q

Amylose

A

Chain of alpha 1-4 glucose links

50
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched chain of glucose attached to main branch by 1-6 link

51
Q

Glycogen

A

Chain of amylose and amylopectin
Amylopectin branch chains maximum of 10 glucoses
Storage carbohydrate

52
Q

Starch

A

Chain of amylose and amylopectin

Amylopectin branch chains maximum of 30 glucoses

53
Q

Chitin

A

Monomer is N-acetyl glucosamine
Alpha 1-4 linkage
Structural carbohydrate (insect exoskeleton)

54
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta 1-4 and 1-6 linkages

Requires cellulase enzyme to digest

55
Q

N- and O- glycosylation

A

Carbohydrates bind to amino acids.
Bound to serine = O link
Bound to Asparagine = N link
Forms specific pattern of cell surface proteins on cell membranes involved in organ transplant rejection, immune response, etc.

56
Q

Glycoconjugate purposes

A 
Major component of ECM
Filter substances in ECM
Serves as lubricants between cells
Bind to cations
Regulate movement of molecules
57
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Aldehydes and Ketones react in alcohol to become hemiacetals or hemiketals, changing the chiral center. Substitution of a second alcohol produces an acetal or ketal via a glycosidic bond.

58
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A 
Large polysaccharides with amines. Have negative charges (polyanionic)
Hyaluronate
Chondroitin
Keraten sulfate
Heparin
59
Q

Hyaluronate

A

Found in connective, epithelial and neural tissues. Found in aqueous and vitreous humour.

60
Q

Chondroitin

A

Major constituent of connective tissues. Lubricant of joints

61
Q

Heparin

A

Made in liver, anticoagulant

62
Q

Keratin Sulfate

A

Large, highly hydrated molecules in joints that absorb mechanical shock, contributes to glial scar formation

63
Q

Mucins

A

Principle organic constituent of saliva, protects, lubricates, has antimicrobial effects

Biochemistry/Physiology (10 decks)

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