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Biochemistry/Physiology > Quiz 2 - Membranes, RMP, AP, Muscle Physio, Capillary Permeability, Basic Cell Bio > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - Membranes, RMP, AP, Muscle Physio, Capillary Permeability, Basic Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Permeability of molecules from high to low

A

Hydrophobic molecules > Small uncharged polar molecules > Large uncharged polar molecules > Ions O2 > Glycerol > Glucose > Cl-, K+, Na+

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2
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Adhere only temporarily to the membrane, usually to an integral protein

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3
Q

Integral protein

A

Incorporated into the lipid bilayer of the membrane

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4
Q

Amphitrophic protein

A

exist both as water soluble and lipid bound proteins

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5
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Idea that proteins and lipids move laterally through the membrane freely. Modified by discovery of lipid rafts.

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6
Q

Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in PM

A

Different types of phospholipids are found in uneven ratios between inside and outside of membrane. The composition of a membrane changes depends on cell needs and functions

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7
Q

Examples of integral proteins

A

G-Protein Coupled Receptors have multiple transmembrane portions. Bacterial Rhodopsin does too.

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8
Q

Lipid-linked membrane proteins

A

Lipid chains can link proteins to the cell membrane

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9
Q

Cholesterol and membrane flexibility

A

Typically Cholesterol decreases the flexibility of the membrane, but association with different proteins can increase the flexibility

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10
Q

Effect of heat on bilayers

A

Produces thermal motion of side chains (disorganization), but bilayer maintains integrity. % of particular fatty acid ratio changes based on temperature (physiological and metabolic status)

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11
Q

Lateral diffusion of lipids/proteins

A

Uncatalyzed, very fast and spontaneous

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12
Q

Flippase

A

Catalyzes flipping a phospholipid from outside to inside the membrane.

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13
Q

Floppase

A

Catalyzes flopping a phospholipid from inside to outside the membrane.

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14
Q

Scramblase

A

Catalyzes switching sides of two phospholipids in and out of the membrane.

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15
Q

Lipid Raft

A

Regions of membrane that are thicker, enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol that compartmentalize cell functions. Bounded by calveolins

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16
Q

Calveolins

A

Proteins involved in the endocytosis of proteins and lipid rafts

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17
Q

Ionophore

A

Membrane vesicle that transports ions through membranes

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18
Q

Current

A

Flow of electrical forces down a gradient (ions flowing through channel in/out of cell)

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19
Q

Voltage

A

Potential difference (ion gradient)

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20
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to passage of current (Membrane. Ion channels alter resistance)

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21
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Electrical voltage potential of a resting cell. -70mV to -90mV

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22
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Mathematical relationship between difference in ion concentration and the voltage across the membrane at equilibrium

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23
Q

Local Potential

A

Localized alteration of membrane potential (ex. ion channel opening from ligand binding)

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24
Q

Propagated/Action Potential

A

Change in potential that travels along membrane

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25
Q

Na+ and K+ relative concentrations

A

Na+ high outside of cell, K+ high inside cell

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26
Q

Action potential Initiation

A

Opening of Na+ channels allows Na+ to flow in, depolarizing the cell up to around +30 mV

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27
Q

Action potential Propagation

A

Depolarization from Na+ channel triggers opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels down the axon, relaying the AP

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28
Q

Action Potential Repolarization

A

Na+ channels close and inactivate, K+ channels open and allows K+ to rush out, repolarizing the cell back to around -70 mV.

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29
Q

Absolute refractory state

A

Na+ channels are inactivated and cannot be restimulated no matter how strong the stimulus

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30
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Na+ channels are reactivated and can react to stimulus, but because K+ channels are still open and repolarizing the cell, a stronger than normal stimulus is required to depolarize again during this time

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31
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in, utilizing ATP to restore concentration gradient.

32
Q

What does “All-or-nothing” mean in relation to action potentials?

A

APs either fire or don’t. Once a stimulus crosses the threshold, it fires. The strength of the stimulus does not change the amplitude of the action potential

33
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High extracellular K+ concentration. Reduces gradient for K+ out, leads to less resistance to depolarization. (Ex. poor kidney function)

34
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Decreased EC K+ concentration, increases gradient for K+ out, leads to more resistance to depolarization. (Ex. bad diarrhea)

35
Q

Cardiac muscle APs

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open to prolong depolarization. Excess Ca2+ can effect excitability in opposite way than K+ by charge screening

36
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Site where a motor nerve unit innervates a muscle fiber

37
Q

Motor unit

A

Alpha motor neuron and all muscle cells it innervates. Each muscle fiber connected to only one alpha neuron

38
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Stores Ca2+ in terminal cisternae and releases it through ryanodine receptors

39
Q

Transverse tubules

A

small tubes that propagate action potentials

40
Q
A

Sarcomere

I and H zone shorten during contraction

41
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A
42
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

Stores energy to synthesize ATP. Stored energy for 15 seconds of muscle use

43
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose-1-Phospage broken down into lactic acid to release 2 ATP. Good for 30-45 seconds of muscle use

44
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain create 38 ATP per glucose. Fuels muscles for hours.

45
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Tension generated by muscle is greater than load, muscle shortens

46
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Load is greater than max tension and muscle doesn’t shorten.

47
Q

Phases of muscle twitch

A

Stimulus

Latent period - 2 msec delay

Contraction - tension develops

Relaxation - Loss of tension, return to rest length

Refractory - period when muscle fiber won’t respond

48
Q

“All-or-none” motor unit response

A

Motor unit fires when action potential is received

49
Q

Fractionation

A

As more motor units are recruited, the tension gets greater

50
Q

Henneman’s Size Principle

A

Motor units recruited from smallest to largest.

Type 1/Slow twitch - always firing, smallest, used in light intensity exercise

Type II/Fast twitch - become recruited when needed.

51
Q

Multiple Motor Unit Summation (Recruitment)

A

Increasing the strength of a stimulus recruits additional motor units

52
Q

Wave/Temporal Summation

A

Increasing frequency of stimulus leads to tetanus

53
Q

Treppe

A

“Staircase” summation, right before tetanus

54
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Proprioceptors sensitive to muscle length and tendon. Stretch reflexes activated when muscle spindles recognize stretch. Stimulates stretched muscle to contract

55
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Reciprocal innervation inhibits opposing muscles to contract when a stretch reflex is activated

56
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Bulk of muscle, innervated by alpha-motor neurons, provide force for contraction

57
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Encapsulated in collagen sheaths to form muscle spindle. Innervated by gamma-motor neurons and Group Ia and II sensory afferents

Nuclear Bag fibers - detect fast, dynamic changes in muscle length and tension

Nuclear Chain fibers - detect static changes in length and tension

58
Q

Golgi Tendon Reflex

A

Initiated by Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) that detect tension in tendons. Inhibits alpha-motor neurons to relieve tension in the tendon. Protective feedback mechanism to prevent tendon damage.

59
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of nutrients, O2, CO2, lipid soluble substances through capillary wall down concentration gradient

60
Q

Bulk Flow/Ultrafiltration

A

Movement of protein free extracellular fluid in and out through water-filled pores

61
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Translocation of macromolecules across capillary endothelium. Ex.) Pinocytosis

62
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Force directed out of the capillary by fluid pushing against capillary wall. Higher in arteries than in capillaries, lower in veins.

Driven by heartbeat.

63
Q

Crystalline Osmotic Pressure

A

Oncotic pressure due to small molecules in plasma. Since water soluble molecules have concentrations = on both sides of capillary, has no effect on water flow.

64
Q

Oncotic pressure/Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins (Albumin), pulls water back into capillary

65
Q

Starling Law

A

Net Filtration Pressure = Net force out - Net force In

Net force out = Capillary hydrostatic pressure + Osmotic pressure due to intersticial fluid protein concentration

Net force in = Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure + Oncotic pressure due to protein concentration

66
Q

Velocity of blood flow

A

Highest in arteries

Slowest in capillaries

Middle in veins

67
Q

Cross-sectional area of blood vessels

A

Low in arteries in veins

High in capillaries

68
Q

Vascular shunts/Metarteriole

A

Throughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule.

69
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

Cut off smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary and regulates blood flow into the capillary in response to vasomotor (sympathetic) nerves, to bypass or enter capillaries.

70
Q

Big Picture of Capillary fluid movement

A

Outward movement of 20 L of fluid arterial side

Inward movement of 17 L of fluid venous side

3 L of fluid enters Lymphatic system

71
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

Blind ended sacs in interstitial space that abosrb lymph fluid. Low pressure, wider than capillaries

72
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Bulk flow transport of fluid into or out of capillary lumen via vesicles

73
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Smaller, have cell wall, no membrane bound organelles, cytoplasmic DNA, nucleoid, no cytoskeleton, smaller ribosome, replicate through binary fission, genetic diversity through mutation

74
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Larger, no cell wall, membrane-bound organelles, Nuclear DNA, nucleus, cytoskeleton, larger ribosome, replicate through mitosis, genetic diversity through meiosis/recombination

75
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Stain purple, have glycoprotein and peptidoglycan cell wall

76
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Stain red, have peptidoglycan, outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide cell wall

77
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Biochemistry/Physiology (10 decks)

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