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Biochemistry/Physiology > Quiz 1 - Water, Acid/Base, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Peptides, Proteins > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Water, Acid/Base, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Peptides, Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Transferred electrons, can be strongest bonding

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2
Q

Covalent

A

Shared electrons, medium strength

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3
Q

Metallic

A

Electron cloud, least strong

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4
Q

Ion-dipole interaction

A

Dipole attracted to ion

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5
Q

H-bond

A

H covalently bonded to O, F or N interacts with other O, F or N

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6
Q

Dipole-dipole interaction

A

Dipoles interact with one another

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7
Q

Ion-induced dipole

A

Electronegativity of an ion generates a dipole in an otherwise inert molecule

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8
Q

Dipole-induced dipole

A

Electronegativity of a dipole generates a dipole in an otherwise inert molecule

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9
Q

Dispersion/van der Waals forces

A

Random movement of electrons produces a transient dipole

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10
Q

Water structure

A

H2O, 104.5 degree angle between H, dipole. Water has high specific heat because of H bonds

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11
Q

Ice

A

H2O forms ordered crystal lattice due to uniform angles and H bonds. Ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats

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12
Q

Amphipathic Molecules

A

Molecules that contain both a nonpolar and polar region

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13
Q

Water as a solvent

A

Water will spontaneously dissolve other molecules because of nonrandom arrangement involving dipole interactions

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14
Q

Lipids in water

A

Will form miceles or bilayers

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15
Q

Solutes in water

A

Effect colligative properties, raise BP, lower FP

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16
Q

Cell in Isotonic solution

A

Solute concentrations equal in intracellular and extracellular environment

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17
Q

Cell in Hypertonic solution

A

Solute in cell less concentrated than outside of cell, water leaves cell

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18
Q

Cell in Hypotonic solution

A

Solute in cell more concentrated than outside of cell, water enters cell

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19
Q

Proton hopping

A

Protons will hop around among water molecules

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20
Q

Keq

A

Equilibrium constant. = [Products]/[Reactants]

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21
Q

Kw

A

Water Keq. = 1X10^-14

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22
Q

pH scale

A

-log{H+]

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23
Q

pKa

A

Equilibrium constant of an acid

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24
Q

pH of an acid solution

A

pH = pKa + log [HA]/[A]

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25
Q

Buffer solutions

A

Weak acids will donate or accept electrons to maintain a consistent pH. Ex.) Bicarbonate H2CO3 HCO-

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26
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

CO2 retention from hypoventilation, decreases plasma pH

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27
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

CO2 excretion from hyperventilation, increases plasma pH

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28
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Increase of acidic molecules or decrease of basic molecules in plasma, decreases plasma pH

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29
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Decrease of acidic molecules or increase of basic molecules in plasma, increases plasma pH

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30
Q

Fatty Acid/Lipid functions

A

Store energy, form membranes, carry info/signals, additional services (vitamins, enzyme cofactors, colorants)

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31
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain

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32
Q

Saturated

A

No double bonds

33
Q

Unsaturated

A

One double bond. Cis configuration most common in bio systems

34
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Multiple double bonds

35
Q

Fatty acid nomenclature

A

C:#Unsats. Omega nomenclature numbers from end of HC chain to first unsat.

36
Q

Fatty Acid Properties

A

More Carbons = Higher melting point, More unsats = Lower melting point

37
Q

Lipid

A

One or more fatty acid connected to a linker molecule

38
Q

Triglycerides

A

Storage lipids, 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

39
Q

Phospholipids

A

One or two fatty acids attached to a glycerol or sphingosine with a Phosphate group attached, form membranes

40
Q

Glycolipids

A

One or two fatty acids attached to a glycerol or sphingosine with a sugar group attached, function as anchors for proteins to membranes and as cell ID

41
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Membrane lipids, one sphingosine, one fatty acid, involved in direct signaling activity

42
Q

Sterols

A

Like Cholesterol. Major membrane components that increase membrane rigidity, necessary for endocytosis. Can be used as cell signals/hormones

43
Q

Lipids and inflammation

A

Lipids drive and resolve inflammation. Aspirin and Tylenol are COX 1 & 2 inhibitors that prevent formation of proinflammatory signals from lipids. Fatty acid signals may help in preventing/curing periodontal inflammatory disease

44
Q

Nucleotide

A

Pentose ring, purine or pyramidine base, 1-3 phosphates

45
Q

Nucleoside

A

Same as nucleotide but with no phosphates

46
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds

47
Q

Functions of nucleotides

A
  1. Information Transfer: DNA, RNA
  2. Energy Transfer: ATP, GTP, NADH
  3. Signal Transduction: cAMP, cGMP
48
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine, dual cyclic

49
Q

Pyramidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, one ring

50
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleotide polymer, one OH on pentose ring, 2 stranded, contains thymine, only in nucleus

51
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleotide polymer, 2 OH on pentose ring, can be one stranded, contains uracil, found throughout cell, more reactive than DNA

52
Q

Primary structure

A

Strand of nucleotides linked by phospho-diester bonds

53
Q

Secondary structure

A

Pair of antiparalell strands

54
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Double helix

55
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Helix wrapped around histones to form chromosomes

56
Q

Palindrome

A

Flipped mirror sequence

57
Q

Mirror Repeat

A

Mirrored sequence on same strand

58
Q

Double Helix Forms

A

A form, B form, Z form. A form each twist is 36 Angstroms

59
Q

mRNA

A

DNA transcript that codes for protein production

60
Q

tRNA

A

RNA molecule that tethers amino acids for translation

61
Q

rRNA

A

RNA that forms Ribosomes

62
Q

Regulatory RNA

A

aRNA, shRNA, siRNA, regulates translation, transcription, signaling

63
Q

Nonessential Amino Acids

A

Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Glutamate, Serine

64
Q

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

A

Arginine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine

65
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

66
Q

Glucogenic Amino Acids

A

Used for gluconeogenesis. All but proline, leucine, and lysine

67
Q

Ketogenic Amino Acids

A

Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine

68
Q

Stereoisomerism

A

Chiral centers, L and D conformations. L is most common in nature, Glycine is the only non-chiral amino acid.

69
Q

Disulfide Bonds

A

Formed between two cysteines

70
Q

Uncommon amino acids

A

4-Hydroxyproline and 5 hydroxylysine, components of collagen

71
Q

Modifications of amino acids

A

Phosphorylation, Methylation, acetylation, adenylylation. Modify protein structure

72
Q

Amino acids in bad breath

A

Ornithine, Citrulline

73
Q

Zwitterion form

A

Net charge of 0 but 2 ions. NH3+ and COO-. Intermediate form between to buffering zones

74
Q

How do amino acids form polymers?

A

Peptide bonds, N terminal to C terminal, via condensation (removal of H2O)

75
Q

Levels of protein structure

A

Primary - sequence of amino acids
Secondary - helixes and B-sheets
Tertiary - Folds of folds
Quaternary - multiple subunits

76
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A

Single substitution of an amino acid in hemoglobin protein leads to malformed RBCs

77
Q

Collagen Synthesis

A

Proteins synthesized > Procollagen strands > Tropocollagen > Collagen molecules > Fibril > Fiber

78
Q

Where are plasma proteins produced?

A

Liver, except for immunoglobulins which are produced elsewhere

79
Q

Denaturation

A

pH and high temperature cause Proteins to lose the H bonds, etc. that hold their structure

Biochemistry/Physiology (10 decks)

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