Quiz 4

Question 1

Anatomy of Thorax

Answer 1

• ribs and cartilage
• 12 pairs; costal cartilage; costo-condral junction
• sternum
• thoracic vertebrae

Question 2

Costochondral Junction

Answer 2

• ribs and costocartilage
• costocartilage is hyaline cartilage
• synchondrosis

Question 3

Sternocostal Joints

Answer 3

• first rib with sternum is synarthrosis-rib directly to sternum
• second-sixth with sternum: arthrodial (synovial) joints supported by radiate ligaments
• seventh-tenth: interchondral ligaments
• eleventh and twelfth do not articulate with sternum

Question 4

Superior Thoracic Aperature

Answer 4

• superior opening of chest cavity for
• esophagus
• trachea
• internal jugular vein
• common carotid artery
• subclavian artery and vein
• bordered by manubrium, first rib, and first thoracic vertebra

Question 5

Inferior Thoracic Aperature

Answer 5

• diaphragm

- piercing through diaphragm include: aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus

Question 6

Diaphragm

Answer 6

• floor of thoracic cavity
• roof of abdominal cavity
• openings for aorta, esophagus and inferior vena cava
• muscle fibers run from lateral to superior at an angle and top is fibrous like aponeurosis
• large central tendon (aponeurosis) gets pulled down when it contracts creating a negative pressure in chest to allow air to flow

Question 7

Diaphragm O, I, A, N

Answer 7

• N: phrenic nerve
• shape: dome with muscle running superiorly and aponeurosis at top
• attachments: xiphoid, costocartilage of lower 6 ribs, lumbar vertebra

Question 8

Mediastinum

Answer 8

• thick midline partition from sternum anteriorly to vertebra posteriorly and superior thoracic aperture superiorly to inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly
• superior and inferior mediastinum regions separated at sternal angle and T4-5 discs
• pericardium and heart in middle
• lungs are outside; heart and major vessels are contained within

Question 9

Pleural Cavity

Answer 9

• two plural cavities on either side of mediastinum; contains lungs
• parietal pleura: lines pleural cavity
• visceral pleura: lines lungs
• potential space between two pleura
• serous fluid lines both to allow sliding between two layers

Question 10

Lungs

Answer 10

• right and left separated by mediastinum
• deoxygenated blood to lungs from pulmonary arteries from right ventricle
• oxygenated blood returns to left atrium via pulmonary vein
• right is generally a little larger
• base sits on diaphragm
• apex to just above level of first rib
• costal surface adjacent to ribs
• mediastinal surface adjacent to mediastinum
• hilum: on mediastinum surface where structure enter and leave lungs

Question 11

Right Lung

Answer 11

• 3 lobes
• separated by 2 fissures or invaginations covered by pleural lining
• allows for movement between lobes

Question 12

Left Lung

Answer 12

• 2 lobes
• one fissure or invagination between lobes covered by pleural lining
• allows movement between lobes

Question 13

Trachea and Bronchi

Answer 13

• trachea: tube held open by C shape transverse cartilage rings with opening (incomplete) posteriorly
• splits into right and left main bronchus
• passes into lungs at hilum
• bronchus further divides within lungs into lobar bronchi, then segmental bronchi

Question 14

Pericardium

Answer 14

• fibro-serous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of great vessels
• fibrous pericardium: tough connective tissue
• serous pericardium: 2 layers; inner surface of fibrous layer, adheres to heart
• allows for movement between two layers

Question 15

Heart

Answer 15

• apex: forward, downward, left
• base: posterior, superior
• coronary sulci: circles heart and separate atria from ventricles
• anterior and posterior interventricular sulci, separate two ventricles

Question 16

Right Side of Heart

Answer 16

• right atrium: deoxygenated blood via vena cava (superior and inferior)
• right ventricle: blood from right atrium
• tricuspid valve: between right atrium and ventricle, 3 cusps secured by a fibrous ring
• pulmonary valve: 3 cusps, between right ventricle and pulmonary artery to lungs

Question 17

Left Side of Heart

Answer 17

• left atrium: oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
• left ventricle: blood from left atrium
• mitral valve: bicuspid valve between left atrium and ventricle, secured by fibrous ring
• aortic valve: 3 semilunar cusps, left ventricle to aorta

Question 18

Coronary Vascular Supply

Answer 18

-immediately off aorta as soon as it exits heart you have the coronary arteries that double back into the heart muscle

Question 19

Cardiac Conduction System

Answer 19

• sinu-atrial node: cardiac pacemaker at superior vena cava and right atrium
• atrioventricular node: near tricuspid
• atrioventricular bundle: continuation of node
• right and left bundles
• sends electrical impulses in coordinated manner throughout heart

Question 20

Major Cardiac Vessels

Answer 20

• pulmonary trunk: blood from right ventricle to lungs
• superior and inferior vena cava: into right atrium
• right and left brachiocephalic veins: from head and upper extremities into superior vena cava

Question 21

Aorta

Answer 21

• ascending aorta: blood from left ventricle, into arch of aorta to descending aorta
• off arch of aorta: right brachiocephalic trunk splits into right subclavian and right common carotid arteries, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery
• the stuff that goes to the right side comes off as one artery then splits, the stuff going to the left is already split as it comes off aortic arch

Question 22

Descending Aorta

Answer 22

• thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta
• hepatic arteries to liver
• renal arteries to kidneys
• common iliac arteries
• external iliac artery into femoral artery
• internal iliac to obturator, superior and inferior gluteal, and pudendal arteries