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DPT 720 Gross Anatomy I > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of Muscle Function

A
  • muscles that attach to scapula with other attachment superior to scapula can elevate scapula
  • muscles that attach to scapula with other attachment inferior to scapula can depress the scapula
  • muscles that attach to the scapula with the other attachment medial to the scapula can retract (adduct) the scapula
  • muscles that attach to the scapula with the other attachment lateral to the scapula can protract (abduct) the scapula
  • always talking about glenoid in reference to what’s moving of the scapula as a whole i.e. if the glenoid elevates, the scapula is elevating
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2
Q

Scapula Features

A
  • triangle shaped flat bone
  • medial, lateral, and superior borders
  • inferior and superior angles
  • 4 fossa: glenoid, supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapular
  • 2 processes: acromion and coracoid
  • suprascapular notch
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3
Q

Thoracolumbar Fascia

A
  • Dense irregular CT (aponeurosis)
  • 3 layers: posterior to spinous processes, middle to transverse processes, anterior to transverse processes
  • come together to form lateral raphe
  • broad, flat, heavy duty, tendinous structure
  • all in one lateral and as they come medially they split into layers
  • one of his favorite
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4
Q

Muscles Attach to TL Fascia

A
  • latissimus dorsi
  • internal oblique
  • transverse abdominis
  • all part of core
  • important to know what muscles come off of here–>tighten these, tighten the TL fascia–>more support
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5
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • most flexible joint in the body
  • 180 degrees of motion
  • no scapula–>120 degrees
  • no GH joint–>60 degrees
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6
Q

Capsular Ligaments

A
  • at bottom of GH joint

- allow extra space for when humeral head needs to move inferiorly like when the arm is raised completely

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7
Q

Relative Distances of Muscles to Joints

A
  • if really close to the joint it’s a good stabilizer

- if it’s really far it’s a good mover

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8
Q

Subacromial Space

A
  • there is a bursa in there and the tendons from the rotator cuff pass through
  • tendons can get impinged in here and cause pain
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9
Q

Glenoid Labrum

A
  • made of fibrocartilage

- makes glenoid slightly deeper

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10
Q

Innervated vs. Not Innervated Cartilage

A
  • articular cartilage is not innervated
  • muscles of disc and inner annular rings are not innervated but outer rings are
  • fibrocartilage is, not very much, but it is innervated
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11
Q

Breast/Mammary Glands

A
  • Cooper’s ligaments-suspensory ligament of breast that hold up breast; come off clavicle and pectoral region and go all the way into the breast; attach to the skin, stretch over time
  • gland lobules for milk production
  • surrounded by fatty tissue
  • nipple
  • areola-pigmented area around nipple, which can vary from person to person
  • lactiferous sinus: widened opening of ducts
  • lactiferous ducts: tube from lobules to nipple
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12
Q

Male Differences in the Breast

A
  • have breast tissue that cannot produce milk directly behind nipple (can produce under very specific circumstances)
  • small ducts
  • do not develop lobules for milk production
  • testosterone suppresses development
  • can develop breast cancer (1%)
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13
Q

Which muscles attach to coracoid process? Which ligaments?

A
  • coracobrachialis
  • short head of biceps
  • pectoralis minor
  • coracoacromial ligament: roof over GH joint
  • coracoclavicular ligaments: conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament
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14
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A
  • proximal clavicle with manubrium
  • divided by articular disc (very small, fibrocartilage, shock absorber)
  • anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; anterior taut with retraction and posterior taut with protraction
  • interclavicular ligament: clavicle, manubrium, clavicle; becomes taut with depression
  • costoclavicular ligament: inferior medial clavicle to first rib; taut with elevation
  • elevation/depression, protraction/retraction
  • taut=primary restriction
  • ligaments that go to and from same bone do not restrict movement but instead provide support or stability
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15
Q

Apex of Axilla

A
  • cervico-axillary Canal-passageway to neck
  • first rib
  • clavicle
  • superior scapula
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16
Q

Base of Axilla

A
  • concave skin and fascia
  • arm to thoracic wall to about 4th rib
  • bounded by anterior and posterior axillary folds
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17
Q

Borders of Axilla

A
  • anterior: pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
  • posterior: scapula, subscapularis, serratus anterior, teres major and latissimus dorsi
  • medial wall: serratus anterior, ribs
  • lateral wall: humerus, long head of triceps, coracobrachialis
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18
Q

Contents of Axilla

A
  • brachial plexus at cord level and nerve branches
  • axillary artery
  • axillary vein
  • lymph nodes
  • arteries and nerves are within a sheet of CT surrounding them (veins can sometimes be inside or outside) which helps with movement-lubricated sheet keeps them protected and allows sliding movements
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19
Q

Cords and Nerves off Cords

A
  • lateral cord: lateral pectoral nerve
  • posterior cord: upper subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, lower subscapular nerve
  • medial cord: medial pectoral nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of arm, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
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20
Q

Axillary Artery Branches

A
  • begins at lateral border of first rib
  • continuation of subclavian artery (becomes axillary when in armpit)
  • passes posterior to pectoralis minor
  • becomes brachial artery after inferior border of teres major
  • divided into three parts
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21
Q

Parts of Axillary Artery: Part 1

A
  • lateral border of first rib and medial pectoralis minor

- has one major branch: superior thoracic artery-1st and 2nd intercostal spaces and serratus anterior

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22
Q

Parts of Axillary Artery: Part 2

A
  • posterior to pectoralis minor
  • has 2 major branches
  • thoracoacromial artery: pectoral, deltoid, acromial, clavicular branches
  • lateral thoracic artery: lateral to pectoralis minor to breast (main blood supply to breast)
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23
Q

Parts of Axillary Artery: Part 3

A
  • lateral border of pectoralis minor to inferior border of teres major
  • 3 major branches
  • subscapular artery: into circumflex scapula and thoracodorsal
  • anterior circumflex humeral artery
  • posterior circumflex humeral artery: anastomosis with each other around surgical neck
  • proximal humeral fracture disturbs this blood supply so humeral head dies and needs to be replaced
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24
Q

Axillary Arteries

A

-run near surgical neck not anatomical neck

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25
Q

Axillary Vein

A
  • extremely variable branches
  • brachial vein: deep with brachial artery
  • basilic vein: superficial from forearm and hand
  • axillary vein becomes subclavian vein
  • cephalic vein: superficial from lateral forearm and lateral arm and hand and runs between deltoid and pectoralis major into subclavian vein
  • superficial veins drain into main venous system eventually
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26
Q

Axillary Lymph Nodes

A
  • many in this area and are grouped

- then go to subclavian lymphatic trunk–>lymphatic duct–>subclavian veins

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27
Q

Shoulder Joint Complex

A
  • for every 3 degrees of movement 2 degrees come from the GH and 1 from thorax (120 from GH and 60 from scapula moving on thorax)
  • GH joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • scapulothoracic joint (not a true synovial joint)
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28
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • glenoid fossa of scapula with humeral head
  • joint capsule (always made of fibrous tissue and makes synovial fluid and surrounded by sheath)
  • key ligaments: superior glenohumeral, middle glenohumeral, inferior glenohumeral (fingers on shoulder in three; all 3 interconnected and really just a thickening of the capsule), coracohumeral
29
Q

Superior Glenohumeral Ligament

A
  • stabilizes when doing nothing; tension/taut when at side
  • stroke patients: weight of arm can dislocate shoulder because there is too much stress on this ligament as well as coracohumeral ligament
30
Q

Middle Glenohumeral Ligament

A
  • especially most important and most likely to be injured

- provides anterior stability

31
Q

Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament

A

-stops humeral head from sliding down too far

32
Q

Coracohumeral Ligament

A
  • base of coracoid right over top to anterior greater tubercle
  • taut when arm hanging at side
33
Q

Transverse Humeral Ligament

A
  • holds long head of biceps and tendon in place
  • doesn’t limit joint movement but excessive tendon movement
  • from greater tubercle to lesser tubercle
34
Q

Glenoid Fossa

A
  • shallow: deepened by glenoid labrum: fibrocartilage attached at periphery of glenoid
  • joint capsule into rim of glenoid, labrum and anatomical neck of humerus
  • long head of biceps into supraglenoid fossa and labrum into bone of fossa and labrum
  • long head of triceps into infraglenoid fossa
  • ligament=passive stabilizer
  • tendon=dynamic stabilizer
35
Q

Proximal Humerus

A
  • head: spherical shape, articulates with glenoid fossa
  • anatomical neck: just below head, attachment of GH joint capsule
  • surgical neck: narrowing distal to head and tubercles, common site of fractures
  • greater tubercle: lateral has 3 facets, attachment of supraspinatus on superior facet, infraspinatus on middle facet and teres minor on inferior facet
  • lesser tubercle: medial, attachment of subscapularis
  • crest of greater tubercle: attachment of pectoralis major
  • crest of lesser tubercle attachment of teres minor
  • intertubercular groove: attachment of latissimus dorsi, long head of biceps slides through, held down by transverse humeral ligament
  • groove indicates anterior surface of humerus
36
Q

Subdeltoid Bursa (Subacromial)

A

-between supraspinatus and acromion process

37
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A
  • distal clavicle with acromion process
  • very stable joint with small amount of motion in 3 directions
  • wedge shaped articular disc
  • acromioclavicular ligament-superior, inferior
  • coracoclavicular ligaments-conoid and trapezoid
38
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A
  • proximal clavicle with manubrium
  • divided by articular disc
  • anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
  • interclavicular ligament-clavicle, manubrium, clavicle
  • costoclavicular ligament-inferior medial clavicle to first rib
  • elevation/depression, protraction/retraction
39
Q

Scapulothoracic Joint

A
  • not true joint
  • scapula sliding on thorax
  • muscles in between: subscapularis and serratus anterior (helps hold scapula against rib cage)
  • protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, upward rotation/downward rotation (putting arm over head=upward rotation; getting up out of chair and pushing on arms of char=downward rotation)
  • scapula winging and tipping: happens when scapula gets weak; medial border sticks out posteriorly–>weakness in serratus may happen because of damage to long thoracic nerve (has no sensory pattern)
40
Q

Types of Tissues

A
  • connective
  • epithelial
  • muscle
  • nervous
41
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • supports, connects, or separates
  • cells: fibroblasts
  • fiber: collagen, elastin
  • extracellular matrix: fluid-ground substance containing GAGS and proteoglycans; GAGS are hydrophilic molecules, draw in water–>less gas, less mobile, less flexible, have fewer in old people
42
Q

Types of Collagen

A
  • 28 different
  • type 1: most abundant, tensile forces, tendon, ligaments, skin, vascular bone
  • type 2: tensile and compressive forces, high in GAGS, articular cartilage, fibrocartilage
  • type 3: more extensible, skin, lung vascular tissue, granulation tissue, high in elastin
43
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • lines cavities and surfaces through body
  • forms glands: endocrine and exocrine
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • some vascular, some avascular
44
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • protection
  • containment
  • prevent dehydration
  • heat regulation
  • sensation
  • synthesis and storage of vitamin D
  • epidermis: keratinized epithelium, avascular, outer layer, nutrition from dermis below, some sensory nerve endings
  • dermis: dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers; contains hair follicles, smooth erector muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, small capillaries, sensory nerve endings
  • subcutaneous tissue: loose connective tissue, fat, sweat glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves
  • fat distribution varies greatly according to individual, location and gender
  • skin ligaments-from deep fascia to dermis
45
Q

Fascia

A
  • connective tissue wrapping of structures of the body
  • superficial and deep
  • superficial=loose
  • deep=dense and organized
  • forms compartments around organs or muscles, groups of muscles (intermuscular septa)
46
Q

Bursa

A
  • closed sacs or envelopes with potential space that are usually flat
  • inner lining has synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
  • found in areas of friction to help tissue glide
  • synovial sheaths around tendons
  • sac surrounding internal organs such as heart or lungs
47
Q

Cartilage

A
  • fibrocartilage-annulus fibrosis, symphysis pubis (type 1 and 2 collagen)
  • articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) semi rigid, shock absorbing, ends of bone, found in synovial joints, avascular, aneural (type 2 collagen)
48
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • chondrocytes: development, maintenance and repair
  • four zones: superficial (diminshes shear), middle (compressive forces), deep (compressive forces), calcified (anchored to bone)
49
Q

Bone

A
  • periosteum: outer most layer, highly vascular and neural supply, attachment for ligaments and tendons (sharpey’s fibers)
  • compact bone: strength for weigh bearing
  • spongy bone: softer bone
  • medullary cavity: marrow
  • types: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
50
Q

Bone Development

A
  • intramembranous: direct ossification of mesenchyme in embryonic development
  • endocondral: cartilage model of bone initially forms from mesenchyme and is replaced over time by bone
  • primary ossification center: diaphysis (shaft of long bone)
  • secondary ossification center: epiphysis (rounded end of long bone), metaphysis (wider portion near epiphyseal plate, site of growth in childhood), epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage plate in metaphyseal)
  • epiphyseal line: remnant of plate in adult
51
Q

Vascular and Nerve Supply of Bone

A
  • nutrient arteries via nutrient foramina
  • haversian system: canal system for blood supply
  • periosteal nerves: outer layer of bone most innervated
52
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • joint capsule, blood supply, nerve innervation, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage
  • may also have capsular ligaments, fibrocartilage, plica
53
Q

Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis)

A
  • bones united directly by fibrous tissue
  • 3 types
  • sutures
  • syndesmosis (between long bones)
  • gomphosis (teeth and maxilla or mandible)
54
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • origin: proximal attachment
  • insertion: distal attachment
  • innervation: peripheral nerve
  • action: when muscle contracts concentrically what muscle action occurs?
  • contractile portion and non contractile portion
  • types: flat, pennate (shaped like feather), fusiform (wider and cylindrically shaped in center and taper off at end), convergent (ex: pec major), quadrate, circular or sphincteral, multiheaded or multi-bellied
  • noncontractile made of dense CT
  • epimysium surrounds whole muscle
  • perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle
  • endomysium surrounds muscle fibers
55
Q

Tendons and Ligaments

A
  • dense regular CT: all fibers in one direction
  • dense irregular CT: fibers in multiple directions
  • tendon: muscle to bone; round, flat, aponeurosis
  • ligaments: bone to bone; round, flat, aponeurosis
56
Q

CNS

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • membrane layers of CT (meninges)
  • dura mater: dense, outermost layer, contains CSF
  • arachnoid mater: intermediate layer, thicker, CSF flows through
  • pia mater: delicate layer of CT closest to brain and spinal cord, contains CSF
57
Q

Peripheral NS CT

A
  • epineurium: outermost layer, tube of dense irregular CT surrounding nerve
  • perineurium: surrounds fascicles of nerves
  • endoneurium: innermost layer, tube of delicate CT surrounds myelin sheath and axon
58
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • parts of CNS and PNS providing sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body
  • sensory: touch, pain, temp, position
  • muscle: to all skeletal muscle
59
Q

ANS

A
  • afferent and efferent to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, regulate visceral function
  • visceral pain
  • sympathetic: thoracolumbar region, regulate blood flow
  • parasympathetic: craniosacral region, head, internal organs, sexual function
60
Q

Afferent and Efferent Nerves

A
  • skin–>afferent nerve–>spinal cord–>efferent nerve–>muscle
  • afferent: carry impulses to CNS; sensory nerve impulses to CNS from peripheral organs or sensors
  • efferent nerves: carry impulses away from CNS; motor nerves, impulses from CNS to muscles or organs
  • mixed nerves: contain both afferent and efferent components
61
Q

Nerves

A
  • cranial from cranium out (12)
  • spinal nerves: from spinal cord through vertebral column, exit intervertebral foramen
  • anterior or ventral root: efferent fibers
  • posterior or dorsal root: afferent fibers
62
Q

Dermatomes

A

-skin innervated by same nerve root

63
Q

Myotome

A
  • muscles innervated by same nerve root

- must know when one nerve root is involved

64
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A
  • innervate a muscle or group of muscles

- must know when one peripheral nerve is involved

65
Q

Layers of Blood Vessels

A
  • tunica externa: outermost layer, anchors blood vessels to organs or surrounding tissues
  • tunica media: middle layer, contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • tunica intima: innermost layer of artery or vein
66
Q

Arteries

A
  • large arteries: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • medium muscular
  • small arteries to arterioles to capillaries
  • anastomoses: communication of arteries
67
Q

Veins

A
  • large veins: contain smooth muscle
  • medium veins: venous valves, especially in lower extremities
  • venules: drain capillaries
68
Q

Lymphoid System

A
  • lymphatic plexuses: network of lymphatic capillaries, absorb interstitial fluid
  • lymphatic vessels: carry lymph to lymph nodes or veins
  • lymph: similar to blood plasma, contains WBC
  • lymph nodes: oval shaped organs of immune system, acts as filter, contain WBC

DPT 720 Gross Anatomy I (8 decks)

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