Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Actions of Trapezius Affecting Cervical Spine
A
- extension
- side bend toward
- rotate away
2
Q
Actions of Rhomboids Affecting Cervical Spine
A
-if scapula fixed, rotate away and side bend toward
3
Q
Actions of Levator Scapulae Affecting Cervical Spine
A
- extension
- side bend toward
- rotate toward
4
Q
Cervical Erector Spinae
A
- iliocostalis cervicis: cervical transverse processes
- longissimus cervicis and capitis: cervical transverse processes and mastoid process
- spinalis cervics and capitis: to cervical spinous processes and skull
5
Q
Transversospinalis
A
- semispinalis cervicis and capitis: to spinous processes and occiput
- multifidus cervicis: to spinous processes
- rotatores cervicis: to spinous processes
6
Q
Suboccipital Muscles
A
- rectus capitis posterior major
- rectus capitis posterior minor
- oblique capitis inferior
- oblique capitis superior
7
Q
Suboccipital Triangle
A
- boundaries: space between rectus capitis posterior major, oblique capitis superior, oblique capitis inferior
- floor: posterior arch C1
- roof: erector spinae
- contents: vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve
8
Q
Nerves of Upper Cervical
A
- suboccipital: C1-muscles of suboccipital triangle
- greater occipital: C2 dorsal rami-through suboccipital triangle; motor to semispinalis capitis and sensory to back of skull up to apex of skull-gives you headaches
- lesser occipital-C2 ventral rami: sensory to skin lateral skull
9
Q
Vertebral Artery
A
-through foramen of cervical transverse processes, turns medially through posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, then superiorly through foramen magnum to brain
10
Q
Ligamentum Nuchae
A
- supraspinous ligament of cervical from occiput to C7, T1
- limits cervical flexion and rotation
- attachment for upper trapezius, splenius, spinalis, transversospinalis muscles
11
Q
Thoracolumbar Fascia
A
- thick multidirectional connective tissue
- three layers
- posterior attach to spinous process
- middle attach to transverse process
- anterior attach to transverse processes
- basically one flat common tendon for muscles to attach
- predominantly type 1 collagen but irregular in lineup
- between posterior and middle layer: erector spinae and transversospinalis muscles
- between middle and anterior layer: quadratus lumborum
- lateral raphe: lateral part of body where all three layers of fascia get sandwiched together
12
Q
Vertebra
A
- body
- pedicle: sticks straight out back
- lamina: archway in back that connects pedicles
- spinous process
- transverse process
- superior articular facet (synovial)
- inferior articular facet (synovial)
- pars interarticularis: between superior and inferior facet
- vertebral foramen: spinal cord, cauda equina
- intervertebral foramen: spinal nerve; where nerve roots exit spine
13
Q
Spinal Ligaments
A
- anterior longitudinal
- posterior longitudinal
- interspinous
- supraspinous
- intertransverse: limits side bending
- all tighten with rotation
- ligamentum flavum
14
Q
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
A
limit extension
- attaches vertebra, disc, vertebra from skull to sacrum
- gets wider and stronger as it goes inferior
- broad and flat covers front of all anterior bodies
15
Q
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
A
- limits flexion
- vertebra, disc, vertebra all the way down
- gets skinner as it goes inferior; additional support to posterior part of disc, but not much because it gets skinnier as it goes down
- one of two ligaments inside spinal canal; if becomes thickened (i.e. in aging) less space for spinal cord–>compression–>problems with CNS
16
Q
Interspinous Ligament
A
- limits flexion
- fills whole area between spinous processes
- short distance ligament
17
Q
Supraspinous Ligament
A
- limits flexion
- goes from tip to tip all the way down
- runs from skull all the way to sacrum
18
Q
Ligamentum Flavum
A
less type 1 more elastin
- goes from lamina to lamina on inside of lamina
- one of the two ligaments inside spinal canal if becomes thickened (i.e. in aging) less space for spinal cord–>compression–>problems with CNS
- central stenosis: narrowing of central canal of spinal cord–>small injury can have dramatic effect
19
Q
Lumbar Vertebra
A
- 5
- large body
- short, stout pedicles
- heavy spinous processes
- superior articular processes: facet face medially
- mammillary processes: on superior articular process, attachment of multifidus
- inferior articular process: facet face laterally
- narrow vertebral foramen: no spinal cord in lumbar spine; still have nerve tissue (cauda equina) in here
- almost no rotation
- somewhat blocked in both sidebending and rotation
20
Q
Thoracic Vertebra
A
- 12
- body smaller than lumbar
- vertebral foramen larger than lumbar
- superior facets face posteriorly
- inferior facets face anteriorly
- long skinny spinous process goes inferiorly
- articulation with ribs on facets on transverse processes and vertebral bodies
- ribs limit sidebending
21
Q
Thoracic Ligaments
A
- same as lumbar plus
- radiate ligament: head of rib to vertebral body
- lateral and medial costotransverse: neck of rib to transverse process
- superior costotransverse: neck of rib to transverse process above
22
Q
Ribs
A
- head articulates with body or disc body
- neck just past head, slightly skinnier
- tubercle articulates with transverse process; has facet joint and is synovial
- rib angle attachment for iliocostalis
- costal cartilage is hyaline articular cartilage and makes ribs very flexible
- first rib is at base of neck but not very large, the width of the neck
23
Q
Cervical Vertebra
A
- 7
- smaller body
- uncinate processes: limit mobility especially of rotation and they are why we can only rotate 90 degrees
- large vertebral foramen
- transverse process has transverse foramen for vertebral artery
- spinous processes ar bifid
- most flexible because of how facets face
- superior facet faces superior and posterior, 45 degrees
- inferior facet faces inferior and anterior, 45 degrees
24
Q
Occiput Atlas, Atlas Axis
A
- occiput: base of skull, rounded condyles that sit on superior facet of C1
- C1: atlas has no body; anterior arch, posterior arch, anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle
- C2: axis body, dens (odontoid process-sticks straight up) has articular cartilage front and back
- C1, C2: dens articulates with posterior part of anterior arch of C1
25
Q
OA, AA Ligaments
A
- alar ligament: dens to foramen magnum; direct ligamentous connection from dens to head
- cruciate ligament
26
Q
Cruciate Ligament
A
- transverse: anterior arch C1 to anterior arch C1 holding dens in palce against C1 but not attaching to dens
- anterior surface covered in articular cartilage
- vertical part goes from body C1 covers back of dens and goes up to occiput
- cruciate part (sideways part) posterior part of anterior arch C1 across back of dens to posterior part anterior arch of C1 again on other side
- 50% rotation happens at dens
- superior/inferior: body of C2 to foramen magnum
27
Q
Intervertebral Disc
A
- annulus: ligamentous tissue in concentric layers
- fibrous rings that goes around outside
- partly type 1 collagen and fibrocartilage mixed in
- ligamentous like collagen limits motion while fibrocartilage acts as shock absorber
- nucleus: thick fluid like, high in GAGS
- vertebral endplate: thick cancellous (porous) bone, allows transfer of nutrients from body to disc
- when you injure disc, do so from inside out; so injure inner annulus then nucleus moves out to fill nely torn space of annular rings
- lumbar vertebra have thicker rings in back than in front (front is where foramen is)
28
Q
Transversospinalis
A
- three groups
- run inferolateral to superomedial
- semispinalis: 5-6 levels; dominant in thoracic region; little more superficial
- multifidus: 3-4 levels; dominant in lumbosacral region, little deeper
- rotatores: longus 2 levels and brevis 1; deepest
- the deeper the muscle, the closer to the axis of movement, the better it is at stabilizing; the shorter it is at segmental movement
