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dpt 720 gross anatomy i > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Actions of Trapezius Affecting Cervical Spine

A
  • extension
  • side bend toward
  • rotate away
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2
Q

Actions of Rhomboids Affecting Cervical Spine

A

-if scapula fixed, rotate away and side bend toward

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3
Q

Actions of Levator Scapulae Affecting Cervical Spine

A
  • extension
  • side bend toward
  • rotate toward
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4
Q

Cervical Erector Spinae

A
  • iliocostalis cervicis: cervical transverse processes
  • longissimus cervicis and capitis: cervical transverse processes and mastoid process
  • spinalis cervics and capitis: to cervical spinous processes and skull
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5
Q

Transversospinalis

A
  • semispinalis cervicis and capitis: to spinous processes and occiput
  • multifidus cervicis: to spinous processes
  • rotatores cervicis: to spinous processes
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6
Q

Suboccipital Muscles

A
  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • rectus capitis posterior minor
  • oblique capitis inferior
  • oblique capitis superior
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7
Q

Suboccipital Triangle

A
  • boundaries: space between rectus capitis posterior major, oblique capitis superior, oblique capitis inferior
  • floor: posterior arch C1
  • roof: erector spinae
  • contents: vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve
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8
Q

Nerves of Upper Cervical

A
  • suboccipital: C1-muscles of suboccipital triangle
  • greater occipital: C2 dorsal rami-through suboccipital triangle; motor to semispinalis capitis and sensory to back of skull up to apex of skull-gives you headaches
  • lesser occipital-C2 ventral rami: sensory to skin lateral skull
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9
Q

Vertebral Artery

A

-through foramen of cervical transverse processes, turns medially through posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, then superiorly through foramen magnum to brain

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10
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A
  • supraspinous ligament of cervical from occiput to C7, T1
  • limits cervical flexion and rotation
  • attachment for upper trapezius, splenius, spinalis, transversospinalis muscles
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11
Q

Thoracolumbar Fascia

A
  • thick multidirectional connective tissue
  • three layers
  • posterior attach to spinous process
  • middle attach to transverse process
  • anterior attach to transverse processes
  • basically one flat common tendon for muscles to attach
  • predominantly type 1 collagen but irregular in lineup
  • between posterior and middle layer: erector spinae and transversospinalis muscles
  • between middle and anterior layer: quadratus lumborum
  • lateral raphe: lateral part of body where all three layers of fascia get sandwiched together
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12
Q

Vertebra

A
  • body
  • pedicle: sticks straight out back
  • lamina: archway in back that connects pedicles
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
  • superior articular facet (synovial)
  • inferior articular facet (synovial)
  • pars interarticularis: between superior and inferior facet
  • vertebral foramen: spinal cord, cauda equina
  • intervertebral foramen: spinal nerve; where nerve roots exit spine
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13
Q

Spinal Ligaments

A
  • anterior longitudinal
  • posterior longitudinal
  • interspinous
  • supraspinous
  • intertransverse: limits side bending
  • all tighten with rotation
  • ligamentum flavum
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14
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

limit extension

  • attaches vertebra, disc, vertebra from skull to sacrum
  • gets wider and stronger as it goes inferior
  • broad and flat covers front of all anterior bodies
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15
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  • limits flexion
  • vertebra, disc, vertebra all the way down
  • gets skinner as it goes inferior; additional support to posterior part of disc, but not much because it gets skinnier as it goes down
  • one of two ligaments inside spinal canal; if becomes thickened (i.e. in aging) less space for spinal cord–>compression–>problems with CNS
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16
Q

Interspinous Ligament

A
  • limits flexion
  • fills whole area between spinous processes
  • short distance ligament
17
Q

Supraspinous Ligament

A
  • limits flexion
  • goes from tip to tip all the way down
  • runs from skull all the way to sacrum
18
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

less type 1 more elastin

  • goes from lamina to lamina on inside of lamina
  • one of the two ligaments inside spinal canal if becomes thickened (i.e. in aging) less space for spinal cord–>compression–>problems with CNS
  • central stenosis: narrowing of central canal of spinal cord–>small injury can have dramatic effect
19
Q

Lumbar Vertebra

A
  • 5
  • large body
  • short, stout pedicles
  • heavy spinous processes
  • superior articular processes: facet face medially
  • mammillary processes: on superior articular process, attachment of multifidus
  • inferior articular process: facet face laterally
  • narrow vertebral foramen: no spinal cord in lumbar spine; still have nerve tissue (cauda equina) in here
  • almost no rotation
  • somewhat blocked in both sidebending and rotation
20
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

A
  • 12
  • body smaller than lumbar
  • vertebral foramen larger than lumbar
  • superior facets face posteriorly
  • inferior facets face anteriorly
  • long skinny spinous process goes inferiorly
  • articulation with ribs on facets on transverse processes and vertebral bodies
  • ribs limit sidebending
21
Q

Thoracic Ligaments

A
  • same as lumbar plus
  • radiate ligament: head of rib to vertebral body
  • lateral and medial costotransverse: neck of rib to transverse process
  • superior costotransverse: neck of rib to transverse process above
22
Q

Ribs

A
  • head articulates with body or disc body
  • neck just past head, slightly skinnier
  • tubercle articulates with transverse process; has facet joint and is synovial
  • rib angle attachment for iliocostalis
  • costal cartilage is hyaline articular cartilage and makes ribs very flexible
  • first rib is at base of neck but not very large, the width of the neck
23
Q

Cervical Vertebra

A
  • 7
  • smaller body
  • uncinate processes: limit mobility especially of rotation and they are why we can only rotate 90 degrees
  • large vertebral foramen
  • transverse process has transverse foramen for vertebral artery
  • spinous processes ar bifid
  • most flexible because of how facets face
  • superior facet faces superior and posterior, 45 degrees
  • inferior facet faces inferior and anterior, 45 degrees
24
Q

Occiput Atlas, Atlas Axis

A
  • occiput: base of skull, rounded condyles that sit on superior facet of C1
  • C1: atlas has no body; anterior arch, posterior arch, anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle
  • C2: axis body, dens (odontoid process-sticks straight up) has articular cartilage front and back
  • C1, C2: dens articulates with posterior part of anterior arch of C1
25
Q

OA, AA Ligaments

A
  • alar ligament: dens to foramen magnum; direct ligamentous connection from dens to head
  • cruciate ligament
26
Q

Cruciate Ligament

A
  • transverse: anterior arch C1 to anterior arch C1 holding dens in palce against C1 but not attaching to dens
  • anterior surface covered in articular cartilage
  • vertical part goes from body C1 covers back of dens and goes up to occiput
  • cruciate part (sideways part) posterior part of anterior arch C1 across back of dens to posterior part anterior arch of C1 again on other side
  • 50% rotation happens at dens
  • superior/inferior: body of C2 to foramen magnum
27
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A
  • annulus: ligamentous tissue in concentric layers
  • fibrous rings that goes around outside
  • partly type 1 collagen and fibrocartilage mixed in
  • ligamentous like collagen limits motion while fibrocartilage acts as shock absorber
  • nucleus: thick fluid like, high in GAGS
  • vertebral endplate: thick cancellous (porous) bone, allows transfer of nutrients from body to disc
  • when you injure disc, do so from inside out; so injure inner annulus then nucleus moves out to fill nely torn space of annular rings
  • lumbar vertebra have thicker rings in back than in front (front is where foramen is)
28
Q

Transversospinalis

A
  • three groups
  • run inferolateral to superomedial
  • semispinalis: 5-6 levels; dominant in thoracic region; little more superficial
  • multifidus: 3-4 levels; dominant in lumbosacral region, little deeper
  • rotatores: longus 2 levels and brevis 1; deepest
  • the deeper the muscle, the closer to the axis of movement, the better it is at stabilizing; the shorter it is at segmental movement

dpt 720 gross anatomy i (8 decks)

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