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quiz 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chitin

A

long-chain polymer of glucose that is found in the main component of fungi cell wall

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2
Q

fungi

A
  1. large group of eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue
  2. range in form from a single cell (yeast) to a body mass of branched filamentous hyphae forming mycelium (mushroom)
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3
Q

Mycology

A

branch of biology that studies fungi

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4
Q

Biology of fungi

A

the principal decomposers in the biosphere

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5
Q

prion

A

infectious agent composed of proteins in misfolded form

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6
Q

gram-negative-pink

A
  1. bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics
  2. peptidoglycan layer is thin and covered by an outer membrane of lipids
  3. there are 7 chlamydia and 2 syphillis
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7
Q

gram positive-purple

A
  1. peptidoglycan layer is thick, sustains the purple dye

2. lacks lipopolysaccharide layer

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8
Q

based on morphology (shape)

A
  1. rod like bacillus
  2. spherical coccus
  3. spiral shaped spirillum
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9
Q

arrangement of bacterial cells

A
  1. Strepto - chains
  2. Staphylo- cluster
  3. Diplo - two
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10
Q

classification of bacteria based on staining

A
  1. gram negative= pink

2. gram positive= purple

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11
Q

biotic

A

describes a living or once living component of a community; for example: plants and living

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12
Q

abiotic

A

non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms

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13
Q

phylogeny

A

evolution of a particular group of organisms

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14
Q

ancestry of plants

A
  1. plants evolved from aquantic of Protista who invaded land.
  2. early plants involved in symbiotic association with fungi to absorb material thru roots
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15
Q

evolutionary adaptions of plants to terrestrial life

A
  1. they feed themselves by photosynthesis - (chloroplasts)
  2. their source of energy is carbohydrates
  3. grow almost exclusively on land
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16
Q

Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi and its benefits.

A

plants were involved in symbiotic associations with fungi to help absorption of materials through their roots

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17
Q

types of reproduction in plants

A

Sporophytes and Gametophytes

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18
Q

Sporophytes

A
  1. the diploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations during the life cycle of a plant
  2. produce spores by meiosis
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19
Q

Gametophytes

A
  1. the the haploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations during the life cycle of a plant
  2. produce gametes by mitosis
20
Q

types of vascular tissues

A

ground tissue, dermal tissue, vascular tissue

21
Q

ground tissue

A

where the vascular tissue is embedded

22
Q

dermal tissue

A
  1. the outer protective covering of the plant

2, often covered by a waxy layer called the cuticle

23
Q

vascular tissue

A

a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type creating a network throughout a plant

24
Q

vascular plants: dominance of diploid sporophyte

A
  1. ovule produces egg

2. anther produces pollen grain (sperm): pollen bank

25
Q

Advances of angiosperms: development of fruits and seeds

A
  • flowers are the reproductive structure

- fruit is a matured ovary containing embyos

26
Q

three types of tropisms in plants

A
  1. phototropism
  2. gravitropism
  3. thigmotropism
27
Q

Plant hormone responsible for phototropism.

A

auxin plant hormone; auxin plant hormone leads to growth of the side where it is abundant

28
Q

Phototropism

A

causes plants growth toward light

29
Q

Gravitropism (geotropisms)

A

caused by gravity ; the negative stems grow upward and the positive roots grow downward

30
Q

Thigmotropism

A
  • causes plants to grow around surfaces
31
Q

Tropisms

A

directional growth responses to external stimuli

32
Q

The scientific division of the earth’s past time into large blocks of time.

A
  1. the largest blocks of time are eras
  2. eras are divided into periods
  3. some periods are divided into epochs, which can be divided into ages
33
Q

Degenerative evolution aka backward evolution

A

the notion that species can change into more “primitive” forms over time as the result of adaptation to their environment leading to loss of not used features (adaptive to parasitism).

34
Q

Parasitism evolution

A

loss of not used features of a species

35
Q

bacterial multiplication and DNA exchange

A
  • prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission.

- they exchange DNA by plasmids conjugaction

36
Q

groups of protista that gave rise to animals, plants and fungi kingdoms

A

plant like, fungus, animal like

37
Q

general biology of plants

A

Require six inorganic molecules:

nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, phosphorus

38
Q

reproduction of early plants and their dominant state (sporophyte/gametophyte)

A

Plants reproduce asexually & sexually

39
Q

advances of gymnosperms

A

trees that produce their seeds in cones

40
Q

phylogeny of primates

A
  1. grasping fingers & toes: first digit in many primates is opposable & at least some of the digits have nails
  2. binocular vision permits the brain to judge distance precisely
41
Q

Division of mammals into three groups: monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals.

A
  1. monotremes egg laying mammals
  2. marsupials - pouched animals
  3. placental most abundant
42
Q

Birds and their distinguishing characteristics.

A

Lay amniotic eggs with hard shells, have feathers that have a criss crossing structure and hollow bones

43
Q

buyoancy in sharks and bony fishes

A

Sharks : gain buoyancy by metabolizing oil in their huge livers, must keep swimming to counteract their denser-than-water bodies

Bonyfishes: a gas-filled sac regulates buoyancy

44
Q

fish anatomy

A

brain, stomach, swim bladder, vascularized gills, scales made of keratin, and spine made of bone

45
Q

major distinguishing characteristics of reptiles

A
  1. dry scaly skin protects from drying out (keratin)
  2. thoracic breathing expands their chest cavity & increases their lung capacity
  3. self contained amniotic egg protects embryo against drying out
46
Q

Phylogeny of primates.

A

nocturnal, arboreal & insectivorous, gave rise to bats, tree shrews & primates

47
Q

fish distinguishing characteristics

A
  1. gills used to extract dissolved oxygen from water
  2. vertebral column - internal skeleton with a spine
  3. a single loop blood circulation, from the heart to the gills, to the body & back to the heart
  4. unable to synthesize the aromatic amino acids (diet)

Biology (14 decks)

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