Quiz 4 Flashcards
7 types of respiratory muscles
diaphragm intercostals upper airway muscles accessory --scalene and sternalcolato mastoid abdominal---rectus oblique
What are the two types of neural control of the respiratory system
reflex/automatic
voluntary
reflex control of respiratory system is located where?
central pattern generator medulla
voluntary control of nervous system is located where?
cortical motor center
Which cranial nerves are important for upper airway?
IX-XII
Which nerves operate the diaphragm?
c3-c5
intercostal muscles are innervated by which nerve?
thoracic cord?
abdominal muscles are innervated by which nerve?
primary lumbar cord
reflex pathway is controlled by which nerves
reticulospinal
Voluntary pathway is controlled by which nerves?
corticospinal
3 properties of skeletal muscles
length-tension
energetics
fatigue
skeletal muscle oxygen consumption depends on what 2 factors
tension
velocity of shortening
Demand of respiratory muscles are a function of what 3 factors?
Compliance
Resistance
level of Ventilation
supply to respiratory system is what
O2 delivery to Respiratory System
2 functional components of diaphragm
costal fibers and crural fibers
Where do costal fibers arise from
lower ribs and xyphoid
Where do crural fibers arise from?
vertebrae
What are the two forces that lead to expansion of the rib cage?
insertional and zone of apposition
bucket handle effect of lower rib cage is an effect of appositinal or insertion force?
Insertional
diaphragm exerts force at insertion points on lower/upper ribcage?
lower
lower ribcage and part of rib cage that has diaphragm is exposed to what kind of pressure
abdominal
zone of apposition is where
portion of lower rib cage where diaphragm fibers directly apposed to rib cage
when diaphragm contracts and descends, the pressure inside abdomen (decreases/increases) and this,,,,
increases
pushes out lower portion of ribcage
vertically oriented movement of lower rib cage comes from insertional or appositional force?
insertional
outward force on lower rib cage comes from insertional or appositional
apposition
force on upper ribcage is direct/indirect
indirect
What is Law of Laplace
P=T/r
tension from diaphragm translates into
pressure difference
What is paradoxical motion of diaphragm
when you breathe in pleural pressure becomes negative, and diaphragm goes up instead up down
why is it difficult for people w/ diaphragmatic paralysis to breathe lying down?
no help from gravity
What is plication?
diaphragm is sutured into a lower position
When you breathe, stomach usually moves in/out
out
activation of intercostal/scalenes ___rib cage especially ____ portion
expands
upper portion
paradoxical rib cage motion for quadriplegic in relation to intercostals/scalenes
diaphragm contracts, pleural pressure goes up, upper rib cage gets sucked in
expiratory muscles do what to abdominal pressure?
increase
3 roles of expiratory muscles
- essential for cough
- increase time for inspiration
- mechanical benefit to inspiratory muscles
upper airway muscles stop upper airway from
collapsing
upper airway dysfunction can lead to
obstructive sleep apnea
what is MIP
maximal inspiratory pressure
What is MEP
maximal expiratory pressure
MIP and MEP measure what?
assessment of respiratory muscle function
hyperinflation causes what kind of impairment
5
- shortening
- decreased zone of apposition
- loss of insertional component
- increased radius of curvature (law of Laplace)
- presence of ‘threshold’ load
do inspiratory muscles lengthen or shorten during inflation?
shorten
neuromuscular diseases do what to TLC, VC, and RV
TLC-decrease
VC- decrease
RV-increase
if brain stem is injured how can that affect breathing
loss of reflex control
What happens to airway resistance as lung volumes increase?
decreases
What happens to lung compliance as volume increases?
decreases
draw lung compliance curve
draw
draw chest wall compliance curve
draw
