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Cardiac and Respiratory Physiology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Local control of flow by resistance vessels requires

A

constant perfusion pressure (MAP)

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2
Q

What are 3 keysites of MAP regulation

A

heartresistance vesselsblood volume

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3
Q

What are the two ways that the heart is regulated intrinsically? –which one is more significant

A
  1. preload–starling’s law2. homeometric–treppe –starlings
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4
Q

sympathetic stimulation (increase/decrease) heart rate and (Increase/decrease) contractility and thus (Increase/decrease) stroke volume and output

A

increase

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5
Q

Parasympathetic (increase/decrease) HR and CO

A

decrease

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6
Q

atropine blocks para/sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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7
Q

propanolol block para/sympathetic

A

sympathetic

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8
Q

muscarinic is receptor for

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

b adrenergic is receptor for

A

norepinephrine

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10
Q

adrenal medulla releases

A

epi and norepi

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11
Q

adrenal medulla is part of sympathetic/parasymp

A

symp

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12
Q

norepi and epi do what to heart rate and contractility

A

increase

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13
Q

Why do athletes have slower heart rate

A

increased vagal tone and slower intrinsic SA firing rate

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14
Q

t/f adrenal cortex is under control of the sympathetic nervous system

A

f

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15
Q

adrenal cortex releases what 2 things

A

corticosteroids and aldosterone

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16
Q

thyroid hormone does what to heart rate and contractility

A

increase

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17
Q

What is proportionality of resistance to radius

A

R~ 1/r^4

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18
Q

What are 3 ways that resistance is intrinsically controlled?

A
  1. Basal tone/tension2. Myogenic response/ Bayliss3. local metabolites
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19
Q

increased/decreased adenosine leads to vasodilation

A

increased

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20
Q

increased/decreased PO2 leads to vasodilation

A

decreased

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21
Q

increased/decreased pH leads to vasodilation

A

decreased

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22
Q

increased/decreased CO2 leads to vasodilation

A

increased

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23
Q

increased/decreased K+ leads to vasodilation

A

increased

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24
Q

autoregulation is a combo of what two things

A

vasodilators/ myogenic response

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25
Q

washout of vasodilators causes contraction/dilation

A

contraction

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26
Q

sympathetic innervation and alpha adrenergic receptors that cause ________ are on VSM are present where?

A

all vascular beds except placenta

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27
Q

does the parasympathetic innervation play a large role in regulation of MAP

A

no

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28
Q

parasympathetic vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A

vasodilation

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29
Q

does sympathetic play a large role in MAP reg

A

yes

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30
Q

sympathetic vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A

vasoconstriction

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31
Q

There is a resting sympathetic/parasympathetic tone?

A

sympathetic tone

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32
Q

What contributes to basal tone of VSM?

A

myogenic and sympathetic

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33
Q

withdrawal of sympathetic tone results in what two things

A

vasodilation and decreased TPR

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34
Q

norepi constrict/dilate

A

constrict

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35
Q

epi dilate/constrict

A

low doses dilate

36
Q

Vasopressin dilate/constrict

A

vasoconstrict

37
Q

Angiotensin II dilate/constrict

A

vasoconstrict

38
Q

Histamine dilate/constrict

A

vasodilate

39
Q

Bradykinin dilate/constrict

A

vasodilate

40
Q

prostaglandin is an endothelial mediator dilate/constrict

A

DILATE

41
Q

EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor) dilate/constrict

A

dilate/constrict

42
Q

endothelin is an endothelial mediator dilate/constrict

A

constrict

43
Q

Which sensor is the high perssure senor

A

cartoid sinus

44
Q

Do pressor centers have ionotropic and chronotropic effects?

A

ionotropic and chornotropic effects are not tonically active

45
Q

What kind of output does pressor center have?

A

tonic sympathetic vasoconstrictor output to resistance vessel VSM

46
Q

Depressor cetner acts mainly by…

A

inhibiting pressor center

47
Q

Depressor centers have important direct and tonically active vagal effects on what?

A

heart rate

48
Q

Depressor centers have some direct _______ effectes e.g. ____ ________ to muscle

A

vasodilation

49
Q

pressor center does what to TPR, heart reate, and contractility

A

increase

50
Q

CO = ____ * ______

A

HR*SV

51
Q

How does cartoid sinus transduce blood pressure?

A

stretch of in the wall of the sinus transduces blood pressure into a nerve signal that is carried via the sinus nerve to the brainstem pressor and depressor centers

52
Q

T/F for sinus nerve there is activity present at normal blood pressure?

A

T

53
Q

For sinus nerve, as blood pressure increases does nerve activity increase or decrease

as blood pressure decreases does nerve activity increase or decrease

A

increase

decrease

54
Q

If MAP goes up, carotid sunus nerve will excite which center?

A

depressor which will inhibit pressor

55
Q

Where in circulatory system is cross-sectioal area the greatest

A

capillaries,

56
Q

dP for flow from aorta to onset of capillary is

dP for flow from end of capillary to right atrium is

A

100-30= 70 mmHg

15-5= 10 mmHg

57
Q

compliace =

A

dV/dP

58
Q

veins have more ____ at lower _____

A

volume

pressures

59
Q

what is more compliant veins or arteries

A

veins

60
Q

how can you change the compliance of veins?

A

sympathetic activity

61
Q

What is the relationship between vascular smooth muscles in veins and basal tone?

                               --what about relationship with local vasodilators?
A

low basal tone

local vasodilators have no effect

62
Q

What happens to blood volume when sympathetic stimulation affects compliance of veins?

A

compliance= dV/dP…..volume in veins goes down, pressure goes up, so blood volume shifts towards heart and increases preload

63
Q

what is the difference in overall effect of sympathetic stimulation of venous circuit versus arterial circuit?

A

in venous, volume is shifted

in arterial, resisitance is increased

64
Q

CVP can tell you what two important things about the right heart

A

filling pressure and preload

65
Q

What are four mechanisms that aid venous return

A
  1. valves in veins
  2. muscle contraction
  3. Respiration
  4. heart can provide a suction b/c end disastolic pressure is low
66
Q

What 3 things are determinants of CVP?

A
  1. Central Venous Volume
  2. Venomotor Tone: amt of sympathetic nerve activity to large veins
  3. capillary pressure
67
Q

What are two determinants of right atrial pressure

A
  1. right atrial volume
  2. right atrial compliance
68
Q

How do you regulate blood pressure for the long term

A

blood volume

69
Q

what 3 things regulate blood volume

A
  1. heart
  2. brain
  3. kidneys
70
Q

what kind of cells release renin

A

juxtaglomerular

71
Q

what prompts the release of renin?

A
  1. renal sympathetic nerve stimulation
  2. decreased renal blood pressure
  3. decreased Na in macula densa
72
Q

What happens when renin is released

  1. Steps
A
  1. Angiotensiongen that is released form liver is converted to Angiotensin 1
  2. ACE in the lung converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
73
Q

What are 3 effects of Angiotensin II

A
  1. Angiotensin II is a strong vasoconstrictor –MAP increasex
  2. Angiotensin II promotes release of Aldosterone release from Adrenal Cortex–salt and water are retained and BV goes up
  3. . Angio II promotes release of ADH from hypothalamus –water retained and drinking is promoted
74
Q

If right heart is pumping poorly, what happens to the atrial pressure

A

increases

75
Q

Where are the volume receptors?

A

right atrium

76
Q

what happens to heart rate when right atrial detects increaes in right atrial volume?

A

increaes

77
Q

what 4 things happen when heart senses high atrial volume

A
  1. decrease renal sympathetic activity which decreases renin release
  2. decreases ADH release
  3. increaes heart rate

4 increases atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) release

78
Q

What is ANF, what does it do

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

produced by atrial muscle cells—increaes urine and salt secretion

79
Q

low pressure receptor is synonymous with

A

volume receptor

80
Q

What are the four different transcapillary transport processes

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Carrier medated ie glucose
  3. pinocytosis
  4. ultrafiltration through small pores
81
Q

equation for net fluid movement

A

k[(Pc+oncotic interstital)-(Pi + onctoic capillary)]

out - in

82
Q

what ususally stays constant in balance of forces in and forces out in Fick Principle

A

Forces in usually stay constant

83
Q

What is ascites

A

Edema in GI

84
Q

How is the calculation for Oxygen Consumption?

A

VO2= CO *( Arterial blood O2 content- Venous blood O2 content)

85
Q

increase in contractility does what to efficiency of contraciton

A

decrease

86
Q
A

Cardiac and Respiratory Physiology (6 decks)

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