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Cardiac and Respiratory Physiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

MAP=

A

COxTPR

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2
Q

Heart is connected to the lungs in series or in parallel?

How is the heart connected to everything else?

A
  • series
  • Parallel
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3
Q

Draw out the Cardiovascular system

A
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4
Q

What is normal CO

A

5L/minute

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5
Q

Where are resistance vessels?

A

Small arteries before capillaries

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6
Q

What are 2 main functions of resistance vessels?

A
  1. The provide a site to regulate blood pressure
  2. The protect blood capillaries from high pressure
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7
Q

Is pressure low in veins or arteries

A

veins

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8
Q

Most of blood volume is in veins or arteries?

A

veins

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9
Q

Blood pressure is highest in?

A

Aorta

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10
Q

True or false: When the heart stops beating, blood pressure becomes equal in the arteries and veins at ~ 9 mm Hg

–Where does this pressure arise from?

A

False: When the heart stops beating, blood pressure becomes equal in the arteries and veins at ~7 mmHg

–pressure exerted by the volume of blood in the vascular system

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11
Q

What is the “normal” blood pressure,

What is the new recommended blood pressure

A

120/80

115/75

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12
Q

Organ flow is regulated by

A

Changes in local resistance

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13
Q

What substance do tissues use to regulate blood

A

local vasodilators

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14
Q

What is considered high blood pressure?

A

140/90

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15
Q

What two factors influence blood pressure

A
  1. Body Weight
  2. Height of head above heart
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16
Q

The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to…

A

Provide blood flow to the tissues

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17
Q

CO is regulated by what

A

By autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

what is TPR regulated by (2 things)

A

autonomic nervous system and local tissue factors

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19
Q

MAP is regulated ______; blood flow is regulated _______

A

systematically

locally

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20
Q

Flow =

A

(Partery-Pvein)/R1

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21
Q

P wave

  • what’s happening in AP
  • What’s happening in the body
A

Atrial Depolarization

Atrial contraction

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22
Q

PR Interval

  • what’s happening in AP
  • What’s happening in the body
A

Initial Atrial Depol to Initial depol of Ventricles

-conduction time from atria to ventricle

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23
Q

PR Segment

A

AV node conduction

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24
Q

QRS

  • what’s happening in AP
  • What’s happening in the body
A

Ventricular Depol

Ventricular Contraction

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25
Q

T wave

A

Depolarization of ventricles

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26
Q

QT interval

A

Initial ventricular depol to last ventricular repol

Time for ventricualr contraction and relaxation

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27
Q

ST inverval

A

plateau of ventricular action potential

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28
Q

What are intra and extra cellular concentrations of K+

A

145 mM inside,

4mM outside

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29
Q

What are intra/extra cellular concentrations of Na+ inside/outside the heart

A

Inside- 5mM

Outside- 140 mM

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30
Q

What are intra/extra cellular concentrations of Ca2+ inside/outside the heart

A

Inside –10-7 mM

Outside– 2 mM

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31
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump, Pumps how many Na out/k in?

A

3 Na out

2 Na in

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32
Q

Na/Ca pump how many Ca out/ how many Na in

A

1 Ca out, 3 Na in

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33
Q

T/F Na/K pump uses ATP

A

T

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34
Q

T/F Na/Ca uses ATP

A

F, passively follows [] gradient

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35
Q

What causes rapid depolarization/ 0 phase of action potential in fast type AP

A

Na moving into the cell

36
Q

What causes plateau/ phase 2 of action potential in fast type AP ?

A

Ca coming into cell/ K going out

37
Q

What causes repolarization/ phase 3 of action potential in fast type AP ?

A

Decrease in Ca entry and increase in K extrusion

38
Q

What triggers depolarization in fast type AP

A

Rapid voltage gated sodium channels that open and close in a way that they can’t be excited for a long time period

39
Q

T/F If you poison NA/K ATPase the cell can still be excited many times

A

T

40
Q

What does the Goldman-Katz equation calculate?

A

Membrane Potential that takes into acount differences in [] and permeability

41
Q

The current that leads to slow type depolarization comes from where?

A

Funny sodium channel

42
Q

Repolarization/Plateau (phase 2) in slow type AP comes from where

A

Calcium current

43
Q

Phase 3 in slow type / repolarization…comes from where?

A

K current

44
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

no stimulus can excite

45
Q

effective refractory period

A

no conducted stimulus can excite

46
Q

relative refractory period

A

a large stimulus can excite

47
Q

supranormal recovery period

A

a less than normal stimulus excites

48
Q

ARP caused by

A

inactivation of Na channels

49
Q

RRP caused by

A

opening of voltage gated potassium channels

50
Q

ERP caused by

A

some Na channels are open, but not enought current for potential to be conducted

51
Q

Heart rate is increased/decreased by sympathetic

Heart rate is increased/decreated by parasympathetic

A
  • increased
  • decreased
52
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation increase heart rate?

A

Speeds up rate of phase 4 depolarization via norepinephrine release that increases inward Na and Ca current

53
Q

How does parasympathetic stimuation decrease heart rate?

A

Acetylcholine increases K+ permeability so:

1) hyperpolarizes the cell
2) slows spontaneous phase 4 depol

54
Q

6 process that cause dropsey

A
  1. heart disease
  2. lung disease
  3. kidney disease
  4. liver diesease
  5. starvation
  6. Blood vessel disease
55
Q

Draw/Name blood flow through the heart

A
56
Q

sum of all blood moved to the arteries is called

A

cardiac output

57
Q

sum of all blood coming from veins back to heart is called

A

venous return

58
Q
  1. The normal heart moves blood into the arteries (CO) at a rate sufficient to _____________
  2. The normal heart accepts blood from the veins (VR) at a rate sufficient to _________
A
  1. supply the needs of the body
  2. prevent the venous system from overfilling
59
Q

What is [Ca] in ECM?

A

>1 mM

60
Q

What is [Ca] in cytosol of myocytes?

A

<1 micromolar

61
Q

heart ____ when Ca enters the cytosol from extracelluar space and intracellular stores via ____ ______ down ~1000 fold gradient

A

Ca

passive diffusion

62
Q

The heart ____ when calcium is removed form the cytosol via ____ _____

A

relaxes

active transport

63
Q

Inward currents are genterated by Ca influx through

A

voltage-gated channels

64
Q

What are the two calcium cycles?

A

Extra and Intra Cellular

65
Q

What does the sarcotubular network do?

A

pumps Ca out of cytosol into SR

66
Q

What do subsarcolemmal cisternae do

A

release Ca into cytosol

67
Q

What are the two structures of the SR?

A

sacrotubular network and subsarcolemma cisternae

68
Q

Label

A
69
Q

What are t-tubules/ transverse-tubules

A

plasma membrane extensions that are filled with Ca and that can rapidly propagate action potentials into cell interior

70
Q

What is a dyad and what does it do

A

structure formed by membranes of the t-tubules and subsarcolemmal cisternae of hte SR

Meidate the ability of an action potential to trigger the release of activator calcium from teh sarcotubular network

71
Q

Which protein allows Ca to enter cytosol from ECF?

A

L-type Ca channel

72
Q

Which two proteins allow Ca to leave cytosol into ECF

A

plasma membrane Ca pump

Na/Ca exchanger

73
Q

Which protein/stuructuer allows Ca to entery cytoosol from SR?

A

SR Ca Release Channel

74
Q

Which portein/structuer allows Ca to leave cytosol into SR

A

SR Ca Pump

75
Q

What are 3 functions of Chemial signals from Ca that enters cell from L-type Ca Channel

A
  1. some plays a part in contraction (provides around 1/3 of activator Ca)
  2. Some activates intracellular Ca release channels
  3. some is retained in the SR where it augments Ca release in later contractions
76
Q

What is function of electrical signals from Ca that enters cell from L-type Ca Channel

A

inward depolarizing current

77
Q

Does Plasma Membrane Ca Pump Provide active/passive transport

A

active–going up [Ca] gradient

78
Q

What powerms PMCA

A

ATP hydrolysis

79
Q

NCX is active/passive

A

active

80
Q

Where does energy come from for NCX

A

energy provided by Na moving down gradient

81
Q

for NCX how many Na/Ca in/out

What kind of current is created

A

3Na in, 1 Ca out

inward depolarizing

82
Q

Na/K Pump

  1. active/passive
  2. if active/ where does energy come from
  3. What’s being moved
  4. What kind of current is created
  5. is current significant?
A
  1. active
  2. ATP
  3. 3 Na out for 2 K in
  4. outward, repolarizing/hyperpolarizing
  5. Not significant, small and relatively unchanging through out Cardiac cycle
83
Q

Troponin C

  1. What does it do
  2. What kind of protein is it?
A
  1. Ca receptor of contractile protein/ initiates contraction
  2. EF hand protein
84
Q

SERCA/ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca Pump

  1. What does it do
  2. Active/Passive
  3. If Active where does energy come from
A
  1. pumps Ca into SR
  2. active
  3. atp hydrolysis
85
Q

What does phospholamban do? Mediates what

A
  1. regulates SERCA
  2. mediates action of sympathetic nervous system
86
Q
  1. dephosphorylated Phospholamban does what to relaxation, resting tension, contractility
  2. phosphorylated Phospholamban does what to relaxation, resting tension, contractility
A
  1. slows relaxation, increases resting tension, decreases contractility
  2. accelerates relaxation, decreases resting tension, and increases contractility
87
Q

Is phospholamban activiated when dephosphorylated/phosporylated state

A

phosphorylated

Cardiac and Respiratory Physiology (6 decks)

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