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KINE 4505 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do different brain areas work independently of eac other?

A

no

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2
Q

All white matter consists of?

A

myelinated axons

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3
Q

White matter is on the in/out side of brain?

A

inside

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4
Q

What are the three categories of white matter fibers?

A

projection, association, commissural

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5
Q

What do projection fibers do?

A

connect cortical structures to subcortical (basal ganglia, thalamus, spine, etc)

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6
Q

Where do almost all projection fibers travel through?

A

internal capsule

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7
Q

What are the regions of the internal capsule?

A

anterior limb, genu, posterior limb

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8
Q

What are association fibers?

A

connect cortical areas within same hemisphere

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9
Q

What are the 2 general types of association fibers?

A

long and short

short are U shaped

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10
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

they connect homologous areas of different cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

What is an example of a projection fibers?

A

corticospinal tract

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12
Q

What is an example of an association fiber?

A

arcuate fasciculus

broca and wernickes

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13
Q

What is an example of a commissural fiber?

A

corpus callosum

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14
Q

Disruptions between commissural fibers can cause?

A

deficits in motor control

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15
Q

What damage can sometimes cause alien hand syndrome?

A

damage to corpus callosum and medial motor areas

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16
Q

What is alien hand syndrome?

A

Involuntary but seemingly purposeful unilateral limb movements

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17
Q

What does latearl premotor areas deal with

A

externally cued movements

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18
Q

What does medial premotor areas deal with?

A

internally generated movements

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19
Q

What is a theory that alien hand syndrome is caused by?

A

imbalance between lateral and medial premotor systems

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20
Q

What area is mainly activated during movement of left hand?

A

right M1

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21
Q

What hand mainly activates left M1?

A

activated during either hand mvement

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22
Q

Premotor regions select behaviours and muscle
synergies based on?

A

information supplied by
posterior half of the brain

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23
Q

What are the 4 regions of the intraparietal sulcus? (IPS)

A

VIP, MIP, AIP, LIP

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24
Q

What does the activty of the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) depend on>

A

the object grasped

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25
What is an object-type visual-dominant neuron in AIP?
neuron in AIP that responds to the visual properties of objects without requiring movement
26
What might use the info from neurons in AIP to choose hand position?
ventral premotor areas (PMv)
27
What areas of the brain are active during object manipulation?
anterior region of intraparietal sulcus, PMv
28
MIP providess info about what?
how body segments are positioned
29
What might use the info from MIP to plan movements?
dorsal premotor area
30
What cells are active during the delay period?
PMd cells
31
Are parietal cells or MI cells the ones that reflect emg/force profiles?
MI do parietal do not
32
What organ uses the most oxygen?
brain uses 20 percent despite being only 2 percent of body
33
What is cerebral autoregulation?
the brain's ability to maintain stable blood flow despite fluctuations in blood pressure or cerebral perfusion pressure
34
Most energy is obtained through?
glucose oxidation
35
What is the anterior cerebral artery?
a pair of arteries that supplies blood to the medial/superior parts of frontal lobe and anterior part of parietal lobe
36
Where does the anterior cerebral artery arise from?
the internal carotid artery
37
What arteries form the circle of willis?
anterior/posterior communicating arteries anterior/middle/posterior cerebral arteries internal carotid and basilar arteries
38
What is the middle cerebral artery?
pair of arteries that supplies the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices
39
Where does the middle cerebral artery arise from?
internal carotid artery
40
What is the posterior cerebral artery?
pair of arteries that supplie the occipital lobes and the medial and inferior aspects of temporal lobes
41
Where does the posterior cerebral artery arise from?
basilar artery
42
What is the internal carotid artery?
blood vessel in neck that supplies the anterior and middle cerebral blood vessels
43
Where does the internal carotid artery branch off of?
originates from common carotid artery
44
What is the basilar artery?
supplies blood to cerebellum, brainstem, occipital lobes
45
What forms the basilar artery?
union of 2 vertebral artery
46
What is a stroke?
Sudden onset of neurologic deficits due to disruption of blood supply to brain
47
What are the 2 general categories of strokes?
ischemic and hemorrhagic
48
What are the 2 types of ischemic strokes?
thrombic vs embolic strokes
49
What is a thrombotic stroke?
blood clot (thrombus) develops in the brain and blocks blood flow
50
What is an embolic stroke?
a blood clot in another part of the body (embolus) travels to the brain and blocks blood flow
51
What does lacunar mean?
lacuna means pit or hole
52
What are lacunar infarcts caused by?
lacunar strokes small, deep brain tissue death caused by clot blocking small blood vessels in brain type of ischemic stroke
53
What are the 2 main causes of hemorrhagic strokes?
aneurysm arteriovenous malformatio (AVM)
54
What are watershed lesions?
ischemic lesions which are situated along the border zones between the territories of two major arteries
55
What does umbra and penumbra mean in reference to ischemic strokes?
umbra is area with irreversible damage, cells are dead penumbra is area surrounding the core that is still savable but is at risk
56
What is another name for umbra region of ischemic strokes?
ischemic core
57
What is ischemia?
inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body
58
How does strokes do damage?
cause ischemia which leads to hypoxia and decreased glucose availability glutamate rises and causes excitotoxicity
59
How does excitotoxicity lead to apoptosis?
increased Na draws water into cell, can lead to osmotic lysis, increased Ca activates proteases and lipases that damage cell leading to apoptosis
60
What is an acute treatment for ischemic strokes?
thrombolytics (clot busters)
61
What is the time frame for thrombolytic use?
3 hours
62
What is a risk of using thrombolytics?
hemorrhage
63
What are 3 neuroprotective strategies?
glutamate antagonists, Ca and Na blockers, antioxidants
64
What can the neuroprotective strategies for stroke victims do?
extend time window for thrombolytics
65
How can hypothermia be a neuroprotective strategy?
doing it during acute phase of stroke can increase survival rate derease infarct volume
66
WHen does spontaneous motor recovery happen in strokes?
within first 3-6 months, msot gains happening first couple of weeks recovery with no intervention
67
What three processes are involved with stroke reccoveery?
neuroplasticity, behavioural compensation, resolution of diaschisis/inflammation
68
What is diaschisis?
Loss of function in remote areas anatomically connected to where the lesion is
69
What is a possible reason for why diaschisis occurs?
disruption of afferent excitatory input from lesioned area to other brain regions
70
How long after ischemia does early stage inflammation occur/
a few hours after
71
What cells are involved in inflammation?
leukocytes and microglia
72
What are the 3 mechanisms of neuroplasticity in stroke recovery?
redundancy, unmasking, long term potentiation
73
What is redundancy?
alternate pathways take over lost function
74
What is unmasking?
activation of normally inhibited pathways
75
What is long term potentiation?
increasing efficiency of synaptic onenctions, forming new synpasses
76
What is constraint-induced training?
patients use affected limb while the other limb is restrained stroke rehab technique
77
How does constraint-induced training impact cortex?
representation of unrestrained limb in cortex increased
78
Does a lack of rehabilitative training hurt stroke recovery or not have an effect?
can lead to further reduction of representation of affected limb hurts
79
Observation therapy may involve what system?
mirror neuron system
80
What is observation therapy?
patient observes someone doing movements with the intent to mimic them
81
What is mirror box therapy?
movements of patient's unaffected arm appear to be made by patient's impaired limb
82
What drugs might increase stroke recovery?
amphetamines and fluoxetine
83
What are stem cells?
cells with the ability to divide indefinitely and, under the right conditions, give rise to many different cell types
84
Where are stem cells found in the human brain?
Lateral ventricular walls

KINE 4505 (4 decks)

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