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KINE 4505 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia?

A

striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

What make up the striatum?

A

caudate and putamen

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3
Q

What are the main input regions of basal ganglia?

A

caudate and putamen

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4
Q

Basal ganglia modulates activity of ________ motor neurons?

A

upper

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5
Q

Where does the basal ganglia get input from?

A

most of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem

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6
Q

How does the basal ganglia output to motor areas?

A

via the thalamus from globus pallidus internal (GPi)

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7
Q

How does the basal ganglia output to eye movement areas of brainstem?

A

from susbtantia nigra pars reticulata

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8
Q

What are 3 loops in the cortex that involve the basal ganglia?

A

motor, limbic, and executive loops

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9
Q

What is the motor circuit invovled in?

A

initiation of voluntary movement

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10
Q

What is the basal ganglia doing ocntinually during rest?

A

inhibiting motor areas

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11
Q

What modulates the tonic inhibitory ouput of the basal ganglia?

A

direct and indirect pathways

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12
Q

How does the direct pathway impact tonic inhibitory ouput?

A

decreases it

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13
Q

How does the indirect pathway impact tonic inhibitory output?

A

increases it

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14
Q

What is the direct ppathway?

A

cortex excites striatum which inhibits GPi which leads to less inhibition and more excitation in motor cortex

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15
Q

What is the indirect pathway?

A

cortex excites striatum which inhibits GPe which excites GPi which leads to more inhibiton and less excitation in motor cortex

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16
Q

Dopaminergic input from SNpc does what in basal ganglia?

A

decreases the inhibitory output

inhibits indirect and excites direct pathway

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17
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

decfrease in amount/speed of movements

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18
Q

What is hyperkinesia?

A

unwanted movements

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19
Q

What is parkinsons?

A

cell death in susbtantia nigra, disrupts basal ganglia function, loss of dopamine

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20
Q

The loss of dopamine producing neurons in SNpc causes what in parkinsons?

A

akinesia, bradykinesia, resting tremor in distal limbs

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21
Q

What is akinesia?

A

difficulty initiating movemetns

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22
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

once initiated movement is slow

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23
Q

What causes resting tremor in parkinsons?

A

from oscillator properties of pallidal cells

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24
Q

The loss of acetylcholine producing cells in the pedunculopontine nucleus in parkinsons cause?

A

rigidity

unable to inhibit reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

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25
What is pallidotomy?
surgical treatment for parkinsons damages basal ganglia, not as common as DBS
26
What are the 3 surgical treaatments mentioned for parkinssons?
deep brain sstimulation, pallidotomy, STN lesion
27
What medication can be used to treat parkinsons?
L-Dopa
28
What basal ganlgia pathway does huntingtons affect?
indirect damage to striatum
29
Is parkinsons a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disroder?
hypokinetic
30
Is huntingotns a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disroder?
hyperkinetic
31
What is hemiballism?
uncontrolled, involuntary flinging of limbs on side contralateral to lesion
32
What causes hemiballism?
STN lesion (stroke)
33
What is the hyperdirect pathwaay?
projects from cortex to STN similar function to indirect
34
What is the purpose of hyperdirect pathway
global motor inhibitor, followed shortly by action
35
Does removing the cerebellum impact perception or muscle weakness?
no it doesnt
36
How does the cerebeellum regulates movement?
indirectyl through adjusting the ouput of major descending motor systems
37
What role does the cerebellum have?
timing/spatial accuracy of movement, motor learning, comparing sensory feedback to intended movement
38
What does the cerebelllum receive input from?
mossy fibers and climbing fibers pontine nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord
39
What does the cerebellum output to?
purkinje cells ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, brainstem
40
What are the 2 hemispheres of cerbellum divided by?
vermis
41
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular
42
What is function of posterior lobe of cerebellum?
premotor planning, judging time intervals, voluntary movement in hands/feet
43
What is the function of anterior lobe of cerebellum?
regulating muscle tone, coordinating posutre, gait
44
What is the function of the flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum>
balance, posturee, coordinating eye movements
45
How is the cerebellum connected to resst of brain?
peduncles
46
What does the superior peduncle connect?
cerebellum to thalamsu OUTPUT
47
What does the middle peduncle connect?
cerebellum to pons INPUT/OUTPUT
48
What does the inferior peduncle connect?
cerebllum to brainstem/spinal cord INPUT/OUTPUT
49
What are the 3 pairs on deep cerebellar nuclei?
dentate, interposed, fastigial
50
What are the 2 cerbellar nuclei invilved in interposed?
globose and emboliform
51
What is the cerebrocerevellum?
lateral hemisphere output thorugh dentate nucleus
52
What is the spinocerebellum?
vermis and intermediate ouput through interposed and fastigial
53
What is the vestibulocerebellum?
flocculonodular output through lateral vestibular nucleus
54
Most input from cerebellum goes through _______? Inhib or excite?
a deep nucleus inhibitory
55
What are mossy fibers?
synapse directly w/deep cereballr nucleus synapse indirectyl w/purkinje via granule cell parallel fibers
56
What are climbing fibers?
synapse directyl w/purkingje and deep cerebellar nuclei
57
What fibers result in simple spikes?
mossy fibers
58
What fibers result in complex spikes?
climbing fibers
59
What does sensory to motor transformation mean?
sensoy info is integrated and used to generate motor ouput
60
What are the parts of the posterior parietal cortex association area?
superior/inferior parietal lobule (SPL, IPL), intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
61
WHat is PPC association area important for?
integration of sensory information, sensory to motor transformation
62
Where does the PPC assocaiton area send info to?
motor areas (premotor, M1)
63
What does SPL do?
integrates info from several sensoy modalities (V1, S1)
64
Why do cells have preferred postures?
provides info about how body segmetns are positinoed
65
Aside from cells with preferred posutres what helps signal body position?
visual input
66
What is astereognosis?
inabilitty to recognize objects from touch aalone
67
What is balints syndrome?
causes simultangnosia, ocular apraxia, optic ataxia
68
What damage causes balint's syndrome?
bilateral damage to posterior parietal lobes
69
What is simutanagnosia?
Difficulty copying /drawing/writing because they can’t see the end of the pen and what is on the paper at the same time unable to discern spatial properties of objects, diffciculty descrbing compelx scenes
70
What is ocular apraxia?
impaired visual scanning gaze restricted to narrow band right of midline
71
Damage to what visual stream caauses optic ataxia?
dorsal stream
72
What is optic ataxia?
The inability to accurately reach for visible objects
73
What are the 2 types of optic ataxia?
unilateral and bilateral how much of visual field is affected
74
What is ideomotor apraxia?
Loss of ability to perform previously learned motor tasks
75
What is personal neglect syndrome?
lack of awareness of a ody part
76
Neglect syndrome is most often found from damage?
to lesions to right IPL
77
What is anosognosia/
The loss of recognition or awareness of a disease
78
What is the functions of inferotemporal cortex (IT)?
object perception, recognition, memory face perception
79
What are symptoms of parietal damage?
CAN: recognize objects, judge relative distance and size CANNOT: make accurate visually guided actions, lack attention of space
80
What are symptoms of interotemporal cortex damage?
CAN: make accurate visually guided actions, aware of space CANNOT: recognize objects, judge relative distance and size
81
PPC is involved in transforming sensory cues into info regarding?
location of objects in environemtn, location of our limbs in environemtn, realtive location of body segments
82
How is the premotor cortex divided?
into lateral and medial regions
83
What is the premotor area concerened with?
planning movements uses info to select appropiate movements in context of required action
84
What is the premotor area connected to?
M1 and spinal cord
85
What are the medial premotor areas?
supplementary motor area (SMA), cingulate motor areas (CMA)
86
What is the supplementary motor area involved in?
performing learnd sequences of movement
87
What does damage to the supplementary motor area cause?
intereference with movement sequence production
88
What structure is the SMA highly connected with?
basal ganglia BG damage also causes trouble performing seqeunces of movements
89
What is the pre-SMA involved with?
learning movement sequences
90
What might the cingulate motor area be involved with?
the emotional aspects of movement
91
What are the lateral premotor areas?
dorsal premotor (PMd), ventral premotor (PMv)
92
What is the major difference in what the medial and lateral preemotor areas do?
medial is internally initiated movements lateral is externally cued movements
93
What does the dorsal premotor area do?
involved wwith learning associaiton between a sensory inut and movement selection of action based on leaarned associations
94
What does the ventral preemotor area do/
choosing hand shapes appropiate for a given task
95
Where are mirror neurons found in premotor cortex?
PMv

KINE 4505 (3 decks)

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