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KINE 4505 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do meissner’s corpuscles detect?

A

stroking

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2
Q

Where are meissner’s corpuscles most common?

A

hairless skin (palms, soles)

decrease rapidly as age

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3
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles react to?

A

vibration and deep pressure

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4
Q

What do ruffini’s corpuscles detect?

A

skin stretching

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5
Q

What do merkel’s discs detect?

A

pressure texture

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6
Q

What are types of free nerve endings?

A

nociceptors and thermoceptors

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7
Q

What recpeotrs in the skin are not encapsulated?

A

free nerve endings

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8
Q

The quality of the stimulus depends on ?

A

receptor subtype and target in CNS

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9
Q

What does sensory neuron adaptation mean?

A

if stimulus persists without change in position or amplitude its intensity diminishes (doesnt work as well in autism)

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10
Q

What are slow adapting receptors?

A

generate tonic signals, will continue to send signals as long as stimulus persists

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11
Q

What are rapidly adapting receptors?

A

react bigger when stimulus happens then adapt, react only when there is change

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12
Q

What are the two rapidly adapting receptors?

A

meissners (surface), pacinian (deep)

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13
Q

What are the two slow adapting receptors?

A

merkel (surface), ruffini (deep)

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14
Q

Why is pacinian corpuscles better than softer sensations?

A

b/c bigger capsule

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15
Q

What is the recpetive field meassured by?

A

2 point discrimination

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16
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

surface area from which response can be generated by an adequate stimulus

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17
Q

What of the 4 receptors have the smallest receptive fields?

A

merkel and meisnners (because at surface)

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18
Q

What do muscle spindles measure?c

A

changes in length, provide info about the relative body position

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19
Q

What are the three main components of muscle spindles?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers, sensory afferent endings, efferent motor endings

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20
Q

What are the two main types of intrafusal muscle fibers?

A

nuclear chains fibers (smaller) and nuclear bag fibers

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21
Q

The primary sensory ending (group 1a) goes?

A

across all fibers (dynamic bag, static bag, and chain)

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22
Q

The secondary sensory ending (group II) goes?

A

only do static nuclear bag and chain fibers

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23
Q

Spindle density relates to the ?

A

amount of precision required

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24
Q

What type monitors the rate of change of muscle length?

A

type 1a (dynamic phase)

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25
What type monitors the length of muscle?
type II and 1a (static phase)
26
Dynamic gamma motorneuron changes?
increases the primary endings
27
Static gamma motorneuron changes?
increases tonic activity in both primary and secondary endings
28
Tonic activity provides what kind of information?
length
29
What do golgi tendon organs measure?
force
30
First order sensory afferents carry info from?
peripheral receptors to the spinal cord
31
What does the DCML carry?
carries cutaneous and proprioceptive information to the brain
32
What is the afferent pathway for mechanosensory info?
DCML
33
Where are the gracile and cuneate nuclei located?
medulla oblangata
34
The 1st afferent neurons in DCML synapse with ?
second-order neurons within the dorsal column nuclei, specifically the gracile and cuneate nuclei
35
2nd order neurons in DCML travel through?
through internal arcuate and medial lemniscus tracts to the thalamus
36
Where do 2nd order neurons in DCML synapse?
3rd order neurons in VPL nucleus of thalamus
37
Where do 3rd order neurons in DCML go?
travel to primary somatosensory cortex
38
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located (S1)?
post central gyrus in parietal lobe
39
What are the 4 sub areas of S1?
3a, 3b, 1, 2
40
What is the input for 3a?
proprioceptive input
41
What is the input for 3b?
cuteanous input
42
What is the input for 1?
cuteaneous input
43
What is the input for 2?
proprioceptive input
44
Are the receptive fields in are 3a/b smaller than 1/2?
yes
45
Primary somatosensory cortex is organized?
topogrpahically
46
What is the relationship between the amount of representation in S1 and the need for discrimination?
more need for tactile discrimination leads to more representation
47
How is information in S1 organized?
receptor type (columns) location of origin (homunculus)
48
How did they demonstrate that somatosensroy info is importnat for movement?
injecting monkeys w/muscimol
49
What are the receptive fields like of S2?
large, bilateral recepptive fields
50
What is the function of S2?
largely unknown, may have a role in integration of submodalities of somatosensation
51
What is sensory gating?
The ability to focus on relevant sensory information while disregarding less important information
52
Can inhibiton occur along DCML?
yes, inhibited by CNS
53
Can somatosensroy maps be modifieed?
yes by training or use
54
What causes phantom limb sensations in somatosensory cortex?
since part of brain isnt receiveing input anymore it gets taken over by neighbouring areas causing you to feel sensation in amputated part of part when touchin gother part
55
The motor system is organized ?
hierarchically
56
Motor nuclei form _______ in spinal cord?
longitudinal columns
57
What is the proximal distal rule?
motor neurons that innervate distal muscles are located lateral to motor neurons that innervate proximal muscles
58
What is the flexor-extensor rule?
motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles are located posteriorly to motor neurons that innervate extensor muscles
59
What makes up a motor unit?
1 alpha motoneuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
60
What is a motor neuron pool?
all the motor neurons innervating a single muscle
61
What does the size principle of motor unit recruitment say?
motor units are recruited in order from smallest to largest depending on the intensity of the force being applied`
62
What is the stretch reflex?
protective mechanism that causes muscles to contract when they are stretched
63
What type of pathway is stretch reflex?
monosynaptic
64
How does the stretch reflex work?
1a inhibitory interneuron, reciprocal innervation
65
What does the brake reflex do?
golgi tendon organ relfex maintains constant tension
66
How does the GTO brake reflex work?
1b inhibitory interneuron
67
What is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?
flexion and crossed extension reflex
68
Where are motor nuclei regulating facial movements located?
brainstem not spinal cord
69
Medial tracts from brainstem influence?
postural muslces
70
Lateral tracts from brainstem co`ntrol?
distal muslces
71
What are 3 medial brainstem pathways?
vestibulospinal tectospinal reticulospinal
72
What does the vestibulospianl tract control?
muslces that help you stay upright originates from vestibular nuclei
73
What does the tectospinal tract control?
motor neurons in cervical spinal cord originates from superior colliculis
74
What does the reticulospinal tract control?
posture originates from reticular formation
75
What is 1 lateral brainstem pathway?
lateral rubrospinal tract
76
What does the rubrospinal trct control?
excitatory input to motor neurons of upper limb flexors originates from red nucleus less prominant in humans than other species
77
What does the corticobulbar tract control?
facial muscles goes to brainstem
78
What does the corticospinal tract control?
goes to spinal motor neurons innervating limbs and trunk
79
Where does M1 primarily receive input from?
pre- and supplementary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and from the cerebellum via VL thalamus
80
What are th main outputs of M1?
cerebellum, basal ganglia, spinal cord corticospinal tracct and corticobulbar tract
81
What are the main neurons in cerebral cortex that control voluntary movement?
pyramidal cells
82
Electrical stimulation makes mvoement of _______ body aparts?
contralateral
83
What is intracortical microstimulation
where electrode is inserted into cortical layer V and stimualted to see which muscles react
84
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?
magnetic field used to stimulatess neuron non invasive
85
What is hemiplegia?
paralysis affecting one half of the body
86
What are the two types of muslce atrophy?
disuse and neurogenic
87
What is spastic hypertonia?
resistance to passive movement is velocity sensitive
88
What doess decerebrate rigidity look like? Damage?
arms down at sides, legs straight, fists clenched damage to uupper braisntem or lower midbrain
89
What does docrticate rigidity look like? Damage?
legs straight, arms bent, fists clenched damgage to superior midbrain
90
Overall muscle tone is determined by?
intrinsic elastic properties of muscles and neural input
91
What is spinal shock?
temporary loss of spinal cord function that occurs after a spinal cord injury
92
What is velocity dependent hypertonia?
motor disorder that causes muscles to tighten or stiffen when stretched aka spasticity
93
What causes hyperactive reflexes? hypereflexia
loss of descending inhibition
94
What is a treatment for hypereflexia?
baclofen to spinal cord GABA B agonist
95
What is babinski reflex a sign of in adults?
upper motor neuron damage normal in babies cause of lack of myelination
96
What is primary vs secondary injury?
mechanical damage to neuron vs occurs hours after injury
97
How can glutamate cause cell death?
excitotoxicity
98
How does excitotoxicity happen?
Glu opens Na+ channels which draws water into cell Increased calcium activates proteases and lipases that degrade cell and lead to apoptosis
99
What are some protections against excitotoxicity?
block Glu receptors, antioxidants, block Na+ channels
100
What is a drug that blocks Na+ receptors?
riluzole
101
What is axotomy?
transection of the axon by cutting or crushing
102
What are some possible therapies to regenerate damaged axons?
schwann cell transplants, stem cells
103
What does poliomyelitis (polio) do?
infects ventral horn of spinal cord, damages lower motor neurons
104
What is an example of neurogenic atrophy?
ALS
105
What does ALS damage?
upper and lower motor neurons
106

KINE 4505 (3 decks)

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