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ANTH 2120 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Extreme cannibalism was practiced by what group

A

the Aztecs

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2
Q

extent of cannibalism in the Aztecs

A

heart extraction at 20-50,000 a year

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3
Q

ritual sacrifice in the Aztecs was called

A

flowery wars

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4
Q

flowery wars took place for what reasons

A

diet (protein shortage), intimidation of enemies, to manage ecology

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5
Q

what did Mexican experts find on stone knives that was significant

A

fossilized blood found on obsidian knives in Cantona, Mexico, dating 1,000 years before the Aztecs

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6
Q

where else was ritual cannibalism

A

ritualized cannibal feasts among soldiers in Liberia in the 1980s
common place sacred cannibalism in Libera in the 2000s

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7
Q

motivations for cannibalism

A

spiritual and physical power, propaganda and intimidate enemies, child armies

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8
Q

use of albino body parts

A

used by witch doctors in Malawi and Tanzania to predict the future and bring good fortune

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9
Q

examples of survival canibalism

A

Jamestown Colonists in 1609
Uruguay Rugby Team Plane Crash in 1972

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10
Q

evidence of cannibalism in Jamestown

A

Jamestown Jane: skull cracked open, she had a protein-rich and had just arrived from england

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11
Q

sex

A

male and female (biological

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12
Q

gender

A

masculine and feminine (cultural)

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13
Q

man

A

male sex and masculine social role

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14
Q

woman

A

female sex and feminine social role

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15
Q

transgender

A

when one’s gender identity does not match assigned sex

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16
Q

middle eastern men do what that is seen as weird in the west

A

holding hands with a man friend, which is seen as perfectly normal/innocent

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17
Q

in the middle east, what is an important “manly” physical characteristic

A

mustache and beard

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18
Q

third gender is seen in what native American tribe

A

crow tribe in Montana

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19
Q

crow tribe called the third gender what

A

two-spirit person who is male bodied with special social and ceremonial status in the tribe

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20
Q

role of two spirit people in the crow tribe

A

possess both maleness and femaleness
engage in male and female activities
marry widowers
care for kids
may be co-wives with single spirit women

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21
Q

third gender is called what in south asia

A

hijras

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22
Q

hijras are identified as

A

neither man nor female, half man-half woman seen as a source of power in hinduism

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23
Q

role of hijras in Indian culture

A

caricature women
either intersexed or voluntarily emasculated
devotees of Bahuchara mata
male body and a female soul

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24
Q

four types of sociopolitical groups

A

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, state societies

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25
Q

types of bands

A

foragers and hunter gathers

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26
Q

examples of band groups

A

!kung san, inuits, titui, mbuit, penan

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27
Q

types of tribes

A

horticulturalists, pastoralists

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28
Q

kinship based sociopolitical groups

A

bands, tribes, chiefdoms

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29
Q

examples of tribes

A

Yanomamo, maasai, nuer

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30
Q

types of chiefdoms

A

horticulturalists and agriculturalists

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31
Q

chiefdoms are centralized around

A

political economies

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32
Q

examples of chiefdoms

A

Kwakiutl and Trobriander’s

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33
Q

types of state societies

A

agricultural and industrial

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34
Q

state societies are based around

A

a government

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35
Q

examples of state societies

A

US and china

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36
Q

environment and subsistence of bands

A

nomadic, marginal, hunting-gathering

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37
Q

environment and subsistence of tribes

A

horticulture and pastoralism

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38
Q

environment and subsistence of chiefdoms

A

abundant resources intensify horticulture and agriculture

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39
Q

demography of bands

A

low density, limited growth (30-100 people)

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40
Q

what happens in bands when the group gets too big

A

fission or infanticide

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41
Q

demography of tribes

A

more dense and slow growth (100-500)

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42
Q

demography of chiefdoms

A

population exceeds land carrying capacity (5,000-50,000)

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43
Q

!kung san environment

A

Kalahari desert with little vegetation

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44
Q

inuit environment

A

artic circle, a marginal environment

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45
Q

penan environment

A

Sarawak rainforest prevents cultivation

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46
Q

tiwi environment

A

tiwi islands of australia

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47
Q

environment of the mbuti

A

ituri rain forest in the DRC are intense hunters that forage for honey

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48
Q

mastanahua

A

in peru/brazil and use bows and arrows

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49
Q

work effort of bands

A

farmers spend more time than hunter-gatherers, free time is spent on art, games, storytelling, music, etc

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50
Q

band technology

A

digging sticks, poison

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51
Q

tribe technology

A

non-mechanized tools, wood working and weaving

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52
Q

chiefdom tools

A

specialized tools, storage, buildings

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53
Q

yanomamo

A

tribe in Venezuela and brazil who are horticulturalists that practice swidden

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54
Q

masai

A

tribe in kenya and tanzina who are pastoralist that practice transhumance and are threatened by privatization and fencing

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55
Q

Bakhtiari

A

tribe in Pakistan who are pastoralists threatened by climate change and women’s independence

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56
Q

trobianders

A

chiefdom on the Kiriwinan islands who use a food storage called kula exchange and yam houses

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57
Q

Kwakiutl

A

historical chiefdom in Vancouver island studied by franze boaz

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58
Q

generalized reciprocity

A

give based on trust expecting no immediate return

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59
Q

who practices generalized receprocity

A

bands

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60
Q

balanced reciprocity

A

give based on socialites and expecting returns

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61
Q

balanced reciprocity is practiced by

A

tribes

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62
Q

band economy

A

reciprocity and sharing with no private property

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63
Q

tribe economy

A

reciprocity and monetary exchange, kin ownership, primogeniture

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64
Q

chiefdom economy

A

redistributive exchange and decent group ownership

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65
Q

Trobriander economy

A

kula: necklaces travel clockwise and armbands go counter-clockwise from island to island

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66
Q

Kwakiutl economy

A

potlach: extra goods are given to the chief for redistribution at a fest, was seen as an obstacle to assimilation

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67
Q

political organization of bands

A

decentralized, no social stratification, based on family

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68
Q

political organization of tribes

A

practice justice through oaths and trials

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69
Q

gerontocracy in tribes

A

elder’s rule through a “head man”

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70
Q

sodalities in tribes

A

non-kin groups

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71
Q

political organization of chiefdoms

A

non-coercive pyramidal hierarchy, centralized without an army

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72
Q

inuit political organization

A

song duel settles disputes non-violently

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73
Q

tiwi

A

ritualized, regulated fighting of throwing sticks

74
Q

mechanisms for social cohesion in bands

A

nuclear family

75
Q

mechanism for social cohesion in tribes

A

descent groups

76
Q

sodalities

A

associations based on age/gender (ex: fraternity)

77
Q

age sets

A

grades

78
Q

age set in the masai tribe

A

men of a certain age undergo circumcision and initiation together

79
Q

who holds the power in melanasia

A

the big man

80
Q

who is the big man

A

a charismatic leader with achieved status

81
Q

ascribed status

A

automatically accorded status based on age, class, caste

82
Q

example of ascribed status

A

elder, king, brahmin

83
Q

achieved status

A

status based on accomplishments

84
Q

class

A

open mobility

85
Q

caste

A

closed, permanent stratification

86
Q

caste system from highest to lowest

A

brahmin, kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, Achuta

87
Q

brahmin occupation and status

A

priests and religious officials, twice-born (dvija)

88
Q

Kshatriya occupation and status

A

rulers and warrior, twice born

89
Q

Vaishya occupation and status

A

farmers, merchants, traders, craftsmen, twice born

90
Q

3rd gender in panama Guna Yala Region

A

omeggid: male bodied “like a woman” who have a relationship with male and females

91
Q

type of relationships in the Guna Yala of Panama

A

matrilineal, matrilocal, with abduction of the groom

92
Q

subculture of Hijras

A

live in communes of 5-15 with a guru mother

93
Q

role of hijras in india

A

bless a child’s birth and brides

94
Q

what job to hijras have in pakistan

A

tax collector

95
Q

what is the signature motion of hijras

A

clapping their hands

96
Q

sex positive religion

A

tolerate wider range of sexual expression with religious/cultural legitimacy and cultural ambivalence

97
Q

examples of sex positive religions

A

hinduism and islam

98
Q

queer theory

A

subverts gender binaries and heteronormative ideals and performance of gender/sexuality

99
Q

queer theory was created by

A

bakshi

100
Q

legal gains of third gender in India

A

2009: “other” listed on electoral rolls and id cards
2014: Supreme Court recognizes third gender
2019: Transgender Person Act

101
Q

caster semenya

A

transgender south African track athlete who won 2009 gold in 800m at World Championships

102
Q

caster Semenya has what male/female sex characteristics

A

does not have ovaries and uterus, has an external female genitalia, has a high testosterone level

103
Q

saartjie Baartman

A

south African (1789-1815) woman who was seen as the normative images of a black/African woman who was displayed in the UK/France

104
Q

fat phobia

A

related to black women and originated in the Enlightenment to determine savagery and racial inferiority

105
Q

Shudra occupation and status

A

servants and peasants, not twice-born and not allowed to hear Vedas

106
Q

Achuta occupation and status

A

Untouchables who do dirty work, called “god’s people” or “oppressed”

107
Q

Jajmani System on Caste

A

view that caste is an occupational system based on reciprocity

108
Q

Purity/Pollution View on Caste

A

caste is an ideological system

108
Q

who created the Purity/Pollution view on caste

A

Louis Dumont “Homo Hierarchius”

109
Q

commensality

A

fellowship, who one eats with

110
Q

how does caste influence marriage

A

only marry within caste

111
Q

Bands social system characteristics

A

nuclear families, monogamy, exogamy, gender equality, divorce

112
Q

Tribes social system characteristics

A

focus on lineage, age set, bride wealth, polygyny, polyandry

113
Q

chiefdom social system characteristics

A

stratification, slavery, gender inequality, polygny

114
Q

vertical function of families

A

lineage

115
Q

horizontal function of families

A

alliances through marriage

116
Q

nuclear family

A

family of orientation or procreation

117
Q

extended family

A

descent groups

118
Q

Minangkabau families

A

Indonesian tribe that practices matrilineal descent, matrilocal housing, women as the head of the house

119
Q

monogamy

A

marriage between two people

120
Q

love marriage

A

autonomous and independently chosen

121
Q

arranged marriage

A

the partner is chosen for the couple as a transaction

122
Q

polygamy

A

marriage between multiple people

123
Q

polygyny

A

ma with multiple wives

124
Q

example of polygyny

A

king of Eswatini in Swaziland

125
Q

polyandry

A

woman with many husbands

126
Q

fraternal polyandry

A

two brothers with one wife

127
Q

fraternal polyandry is common in what area

A

Himalayan India

128
Q

why is fraternal polyandry practiced in India

A

to hold family land together

129
Q

patrilocal

A

couple moves into the man’s family home

130
Q

endogamy

A

rules for selecting a partner within a particular group

131
Q

exogamy

A

rules for selecting a partner outside of a certain group

132
Q

matrilocal

A

couple moves into the woman’s family home

133
Q

Avunculocal

A

couple moves into the woman’s uncle’s home

134
Q

ambilocal

A

couple chooses to move into either family’s home

135
Q

neolocal

A

couple moves into their own home

136
Q

horticulture

A

subsistence farming

137
Q

swidden

A

slash and burn farming practiced by Yanomamo

138
Q

cross cousin marriage

A

between children of a brother and sister

139
Q

parallel cousin marriage

A

between children of brothers or sisters

140
Q

bride service in the Kung San

A

groom moves into the bride’s band to work to compensate the loss of her work

141
Q

bride wealth

A

groom pays the bride’s family to marry her

142
Q

problem with the bride wealth in the Nuer people of Uganda

A

groom demands refund if they divorce

143
Q

dowry

A

bride’s family pays the groom

144
Q

India dowry deaths

A

Inlaws burn the bride so the groom can remarry and get a bigger dowry

145
Q

honor killings

A

woman who don’t follow social norms are killed by their family for bringing dishonor

146
Q

ordeal

A

extra-judicial practice that determines innocence/guilt through a test

147
Q

individualistic culture characteristics

A

a guilt culture, emphasis on individual responsibility, western society

148
Q

collectivist culture characteristics

A

a shame culture, emphasis on family honor, eastern society

149
Q

Levirate Remarriage

A

widow marries dead husband’s brother

150
Q

Levirate culture examples

A

Punjabis, Tibetans, Moroccans, Israelites

151
Q

sororate remarriage

A

widower marries dead wife’s sister

152
Q

sororate culture examples

A

Innuits

153
Q

religion in bands

A

shamanism and animism

154
Q

religion in tribes

A

shamanism, animism, witchcraft, sorcery, totem

155
Q

religion in chiefdoms

A

supernatural sanction and totems

156
Q

shaminism

A

religious practioner and ritualist

157
Q

animism

A

seeing life in other forms of nature

158
Q

supernatural sanction

A

divine right to rule

159
Q

human sacrifice is not associated with

A

shamanism and bands

160
Q

archeological evidence for the origin of religon

A

Neanderthal burial of La Chapelle
Bear Skull formation in Drachenloch, Switzerland
Trois Freres Cave Art

161
Q

Trois Freres

A

cave art in France depicting a shaman dressed in deer skin and horns

162
Q

monumental architecture for the origin of religion

A

Stonehenge, great pyramid of Giza, Gobekli Tepe Monoliths

163
Q

what theory about religion does the gobekli monoliths support?

A

religion sparked settlement in turkey

164
Q

What did Norbeck believe about religion

A

it developed in response to environment

165
Q

Tylor’s definition of religion

A

belief in spiritual beings

166
Q

Durkheim’s definition of religion

A

solidarity/community, “God is society writ at large”

167
Q

Malinowski’s definition of religion

A

a way to overcome fear, anxiety, and uncertainity

168
Q

Marx’s definition of religion

A

ideology that prevents people from seeing oppression

169
Q

theology

A

studying religion from a faith position

170
Q

religious studies

A

secular study of religion with an emphasis on text

171
Q

anthropological approach to religion

A

methodological agnosticism, sociological fact, as part of a larger social and cultural whole

172
Q

“development” of religions

A

animism -> polytheism -> monotheism

173
Q

animism

A

belief in spiritual beings

174
Q

magic

A

supernatural ways to accomplish specific aims

175
Q

types of magic

A

imitative/sympathetic (vodoo)
contagious (victim’s hair)

176
Q

sorcery

A

a learned skill used to harm others

177
Q

witchcraft

A

inherited psychic/magical powers to steal life forces of others

178
Q

characteristics of witches

A

flies, nocturnal, emits glow, subverts moral values, physical inversion

179
Q

totemism

A

rite of intensification or rituals that enforce societal values/norms

180
Q

cultures where totemism is used

A

Ojibwa, Native Americans, Aborigini

ANTH 2120 (4 decks)

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