Quiz 2 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
human variation field of anthropology
A
physical/biological
2
Q
hypoxia
A
oxygen deprivation in high altitude
3
Q
how do Andean altiplano people deal with hypoxia
A
have more hemoglobin in blood to increase O2 supply
4
Q
how do Tibetan Himalayan plateau people deal with hypoxia
A
increased breath rate to increase blood flow
5
Q
the Tibetan Himalayan Plateau interbred with
A
Denisovans
6
Q
the Ethiopian highland people adapted to hypoxia by
A
genetic adaption to lower cardiac signaling protein to maintain normal heart rhythm and BP
7
Q
paleoanthropologist who focused on skin color
A
nina jablonksi
8
Q
the farther from the equator, skin color is lighter/darker
A
lighter
9
Q
tropical equatorial zones
A
within 30 latitude of equator
10
Q
tropical equatorial zone skin color adaptive response
A
more melanin, causing darker skin
10
Q
tropical equatorial zone skin color selective pressure
A
protection from UV rays
11
Q
temperate zone
A
above 30 latitudes
12
Q
temperate zone selective pressure on skin color
A
need for vitamin D
13
Q
temperature zone adaptive response to skin color
A
less melanin, lighter skin
14
Q
dark skin is prone to what in the north
A
frostbite and rickets
15
Q
light skin is prone to what in the south
A
sunburn and skin cancer
16
Q
inuit skin color reasoning
A
dark skin to protect from reflected UV rays from the snow
17
Q
northern people have bigger eye sockets to
A
see better in dark winters
18
Q
indigenous people in the north are short/tall because
A
short to trap heat
19
Q
indigenous people in the south are short/tall because
A
tall to promote heat loss
20
Q
La Brana
A
body found in spain that had dark skin and blue eyes
21
Q
white skin color came from a
A
DNA mutation
22
Q
skin color is a trait
A
polygenic
23
Q
polygenic trait
A
continuous gradation in expression of trait
24
human hair is a trait
polygenic
25
sun aversive culture
dont want to be tan or darkend by the sun
26
examples of sun aversive cultures
Indian and asians
27
sun worshiping culture
want to be tan and darkened
28
examples of sun worshiping cultures
Europeans and americans
29
American Anthropological Association stance on race
all humans belong to the same species and differences between race only counts for 6% of DNA
30
neanderthal time range
200,000 - 28,000 BP
31
neanderthals were found where and when
neander valley, Germany in 1856
32
neanderthal anatomy
low forehead, high brow ridge, recessed bun, occipital bun, massive build, pig-like skin, large nose, curved lumbar region, large lung cavity
33
neanderthal range
Europe, middle east, altai region of asia
34
neanderthal art forms
cave art paintings, shell jewlery and feather ornaments
35
where and when were neanderthal cave art found
spain, 64-20,000 BP
36
evidence of neanderthal families
la Chapelle with care
El Sidron cave: remains of relatives buried together
37
shanidar 3 importance
a neanderthal believed to have been killed by a homosapien, points to interaction
38
neanderthal food sources
huge elephants, crabs
39
how much DNA do homosapiens share with nanderthals
99.7%
40
Neanderthal Traits and DNA affects
freckles, disease immunity, bacterial resistance, vulnerability to hay fever and COVID 19
41
tool
object used as a functional extension of the body to act on another object to attain an immediate goal
42
mitochondrial eve
most recent female to whom all people can trace their ancestry
43
stone ages from old to new
paleolithic, Mesolithic, neolithic
44
paleolithic geologic time
Pleistocene epoch
45
paleolithic genuses
australopithelcine and Homo sapien
46
paleolithic subsistence
hunting/gathering
47
paleolithic social organization
nomadic bands
48
mesolithic geologic time
Holocene epoch
49
Mesolithic tools
microliths
50
microliths
made by small flaking of stone
51
Mesolithic subsistence
broad spectrum collecting
52
Mesolithic social organization
nomadism and settling
53
neolithic geologic time
Holocene epoch
54
neolithic tools
ground stone tools, food processor, pottery, granary
55
neolithic subsistence
cultivation and domesticaton
56
neolithic social organization
settlements, stratification, specialists
57
the lower paleolithic time period is known as
the million year plateau
58
the lower paleolithic time period had what tool varities
Oldowan and acheulian
59
Oldowan tools
used hard percussion flaking and were uniface
60
Acheulian tools
used baton/soft method and were biface
61
middle paleolithic tool types
Levalloisian and Mousterian
62
Levalloisian tools
flaked stone tools that were light and flat, spears
63
Mousterian tools
used fire, thrusting spears
64
upper paleolithic tool types
Gravettian and Magdelin
65
Gravettian tools were used to make
ivory figures, beads, fertility idols
66
Magdelin tools
composite tools, had points, bow and arrow
67
evidence of both genders using tools
indigenous people today, woman in peru buried with hunting weapons
68
tool evidence of humans in the americas
clovis spear point dating to 11,000 BP
new stone tools dated 13,000 BP
69
neanderthal tools
lissoirs to polish animal hides
70
non primate tools use is
not obligate
71
otzi the ice man tools
leather leggings, fur hat, backpack, shoes, bow, Firestarter, copper axe
72
domestication is cultural/evolutionary
cultural
73
agriculture began how many years ago
10,000 BP
74
Mesolithic time period signified what transition in domestication
fully nomadic to semisedentary
75
Natufians
first semi-sedentary culture is palestine
76
broad spectrum revolution
switch from hunting big game to small game, causing a more varied diet
77
vertical economy
seasonal resource use
78
proto-neolithic food sources
collected wild cereals and hunting/gathering
79
Natufian tools
sickle blade, fish hooks, needles
80
neolithic revolution is known as
the origins of agriculture
81
domesticated dogs are descendants of
wolves
82
domesticating dogs were based
artificial selection for physical and behavioral characteristics
83
first date of dog domestication
23,000 BP in siberia
84
fertile crescent
location of the beginnings of agriculture
85
the fertile crescent stretched from
Egypt to iran along rivers
86
evidence of agriculture in the fertile crescent
irrigation earthworks
87
first place for agriculture to spread to from the fertile crescent
asia (8500 BP)
88
last place for agriculture to spread to from the fertile crescent
Africa (4000 BP)
89
morphological changes in agriculture
higher yield, no natural seed dispersal, larger plants/seeds
90
agriculture allowed
sedentism
91
tell
hill/mound of layers of civilization built on top of each other
92
Jericho is the earliest
pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic, neolithic site
93
pottery began with
agriculture to store food
94
effects of the neolithic revolution
increase in population, material complexity, economic trade, social stratification, political complexity, negative decrease in health and nutrition
95
neolithic demographic transition
increase in population due to agriculture
96
first known trade route stretched from
Egypt to mesopotamia
97
what did traders in the middle east use as currency
cowry shells and obsidian
98
social stratification began because of
accumulation of wealth
99
negative decrease in health and nutrition was because of
food stress, sedation, change to neolithic diet
100
evidence of food domestication
soil flotation, carvings, instruments, Otzi's stomach, landfills
101
sites of agricultural sites
nile valley, Mesopotamia, indus river valley, Huang river valley
102
jericho was first settled by who, when
Natufians in 11,000 BP
103
Indus River Civilization sites
Harappa, Mohanjodaro, Lothal
104
mohanjodaro important factors
state structures, street planning, several storied houses, a sewer system
105
lothal important factors
brick lined streets
106
Harappa important factors
wells
107
indus river valley artifacts
figurines, toy, seals, pottery
108
monumental architecture in mesopotamia
ziggurats
109
ziggurats
terraced pyramids made out of sun-dried mud brick that are temple towers to house gods
110
Egyptian pyramids changed from
from a tomb, to step pyramid, to bent pyramid, to the great pyramid
111
great pyramid of giza
burial chambers of pharoh made out of limestone and granite
112
Guatemala monumental architecture
myan civilization pyramids in tikal
113
Cambodia monumental architecture
baksen Chakrang pyramid temple
114
indus script
writing system from Indus river civilization that has not been deciphered
115
indus script characteristics
4-700 unique symbols, r/l and bidirectional, pictorial and abstract
116
three stages of writing systems
1) use of signs for word sounds
2) syllabic writing
3) alphabetic writing
117
pictogram/pictograph
symbol representing a concept
118
Sumerian writing came from , Akkadian writing came from
northern Mesopotamia, southern mesopotamia
119
Mesopotamian writing characteristics
used cuneiform, a stylus, 90% untranslated, numeral based 60
120
cuneiform
wedge-shaped writing utensil
121
hieroglyphic
logogram alphabet
122
syllabic writing was developed in
phoenicia
123
alphabetic writing
standardized set of symbols developed in Greece and italy
124
causes for the collapse of ancient state societies
catastrophic events, habitat destruction, demographic pressure, warfare
125
what is the theory about what happened to Angkor wat
overfarming
126
what is the theory about what happened to easter island
deforestation
127
why was there no city development in africa
no food surplus and disease
128
kingdom of aksum
ancient state in modern day ethiopia
129
ancient house structures
mammoth bone shelters, caves, pit houses, yurts, long houses
130
paleolithic disease types
parasitic and zoonotic
131
common paleolithic parasites
lice and pinworms
132
three types of lice
body, hair, and pubic
133
zoonotic diseases
infectious disease transmission from animals to people
134
zoonotic disease examples
tapeworm, anthrax, ebola
134
how were zoonotic diseases often picked up
off of hunted game
135
communicable diseases
spread person to person
136
why was there not communicable diseases in the paleolithic era
populations were spread out
137
at which point in history did viral diseases begin to spread
neolithic era
138
population increase and urban density led to what type of disease
viral
139
viral disease examles
flu, measles, mumps, pox
140
sedentism led to what type of disease, why
parasitic infection because of water contamination
141
parasitic infection disease examples
cholera
142
trade and travel caused what in disease spread
epidemics
143
epidemic example
black death plague
144
animal domestication led to what change in disesases
exposition to disease vectors
145
humans gave animals what diseases
tapeworm and TB
146
animals gave humans what diseases
brucellosis
147
plant cultivation led to what change in disease
insect vectos
148
example of insect diseases
typhus from mites, schistosomiasis from snails, malaria and yellow fever from mosquitoes
149
dietary deficiencies and nutritional stress led to what changes in human health
decline in size, stature, lifespan, tooth decay
150
how are we aware of tooth decay
tools, tooth enamel analysis, food between teeth
151
malaria is worsened by
anthropophilic mosquitoes
152
black death spread from
china to Europe on trade routes
153
black death was carried by
rodent fleas
154
how are we aware of black plague
through dental analysis, not lesions
155
evidence of black plague
catastrophe cemetery in london
156
frailty
preexisting conditions that make one more susceptible to disease
157
lesions
bodily marks of illness
158
teeth lessions indicate
food stress, syphilis
159
bone lesions indicate
cancer, trauma, malnutrition, anemia, TB, rickets
160
how are mummy diseases determined
DNA analysis and immunochmeicals
161
Otzi's diseases
Beau's lines in fingernails, whipworm in feces, harris lines on shinbones, arthritis, heart disease, lactose intolerance, lyme disease, microware of teeth, tattoos for acupuncture
162
innovation in disease a century ago
better public health, nutrition, and medicine
163
important study in public health in 19th century
importance of handwashing in Vienna
164
significant changes in disease a century ago
decline in infectious disease, increase in lifespan, rise in non-infectious, chronic, degenerative diseases
165
significant changes in disease currently
reemergence of diseases, antibiotic resistance, healthcare inequity
166
currently reemerging diseases
malaria, measles
167
currently antibiotic resistance disease
TB
168
90/10 gap
90% of diseases effecting people worldwide get only 10% of funding
169
medical anthropology
study of disease, health problems, and care systems
170
naturalistic disease explanation
impersonal, important in the west
171
emotionalistic disease explanation
experience causes illness
172
example of an emotionalistic disease
susto in latin america
173
personalistic disease explanation
illness is blamed on agents such as sourcers, spirits, etc
174
kuru
trembling sickness of the south fore people in paupa new guinea transmitted through ritualistic brain eating, causing paralysis
175
pibloktoq
artic hysteria in inuit people, a culturally specific disorder
176
windigo psychosis
cannibalistic, suicidal tendencies in inuit people, a culturally specific disorder
177
hikikomoi
acute social withdrawal of teenage boys in Japan
178
gauge
forcefeeeding girls to fatten them to be suitable brides in the tuarey people of africa
