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ANTH 2120 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

human variation field of anthropology

A

physical/biological

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2
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deprivation in high altitude

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3
Q

how do Andean altiplano people deal with hypoxia

A

have more hemoglobin in blood to increase O2 supply

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4
Q

how do Tibetan Himalayan plateau people deal with hypoxia

A

increased breath rate to increase blood flow

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5
Q

the Tibetan Himalayan Plateau interbred with

A

Denisovans

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6
Q

the Ethiopian highland people adapted to hypoxia by

A

genetic adaption to lower cardiac signaling protein to maintain normal heart rhythm and BP

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7
Q

paleoanthropologist who focused on skin color

A

nina jablonksi

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8
Q

the farther from the equator, skin color is lighter/darker

A

lighter

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9
Q

tropical equatorial zones

A

within 30 latitude of equator

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10
Q

tropical equatorial zone skin color adaptive response

A

more melanin, causing darker skin

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10
Q

tropical equatorial zone skin color selective pressure

A

protection from UV rays

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11
Q

temperate zone

A

above 30 latitudes

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12
Q

temperate zone selective pressure on skin color

A

need for vitamin D

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13
Q

temperature zone adaptive response to skin color

A

less melanin, lighter skin

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14
Q

dark skin is prone to what in the north

A

frostbite and rickets

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15
Q

light skin is prone to what in the south

A

sunburn and skin cancer

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16
Q

inuit skin color reasoning

A

dark skin to protect from reflected UV rays from the snow

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17
Q

northern people have bigger eye sockets to

A

see better in dark winters

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18
Q

indigenous people in the north are short/tall because

A

short to trap heat

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19
Q

indigenous people in the south are short/tall because

A

tall to promote heat loss

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20
Q

La Brana

A

body found in spain that had dark skin and blue eyes

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21
Q

white skin color came from a

A

DNA mutation

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22
Q

skin color is a trait

A

polygenic

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23
Q

polygenic trait

A

continuous gradation in expression of trait

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24
Q

human hair is a trait

A

polygenic

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25
Q

sun aversive culture

A

dont want to be tan or darkend by the sun

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26
Q

examples of sun aversive cultures

A

Indian and asians

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27
Q

sun worshiping culture

A

want to be tan and darkened

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28
Q

examples of sun worshiping cultures

A

Europeans and americans

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29
Q

American Anthropological Association stance on race

A

all humans belong to the same species and differences between race only counts for 6% of DNA

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30
Q

neanderthal time range

A

200,000 - 28,000 BP

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31
Q

neanderthals were found where and when

A

neander valley, Germany in 1856

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32
Q

neanderthal anatomy

A

low forehead, high brow ridge, recessed bun, occipital bun, massive build, pig-like skin, large nose, curved lumbar region, large lung cavity

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33
Q

neanderthal range

A

Europe, middle east, altai region of asia

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34
Q

neanderthal art forms

A

cave art paintings, shell jewlery and feather ornaments

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35
Q

where and when were neanderthal cave art found

A

spain, 64-20,000 BP

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36
Q

evidence of neanderthal families

A

la Chapelle with care
El Sidron cave: remains of relatives buried together

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37
Q

shanidar 3 importance

A

a neanderthal believed to have been killed by a homosapien, points to interaction

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38
Q

neanderthal food sources

A

huge elephants, crabs

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39
Q

how much DNA do homosapiens share with nanderthals

A

99.7%

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40
Q

Neanderthal Traits and DNA affects

A

freckles, disease immunity, bacterial resistance, vulnerability to hay fever and COVID 19

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41
Q

tool

A

object used as a functional extension of the body to act on another object to attain an immediate goal

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42
Q

mitochondrial eve

A

most recent female to whom all people can trace their ancestry

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43
Q

stone ages from old to new

A

paleolithic, Mesolithic, neolithic

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44
Q

paleolithic geologic time

A

Pleistocene epoch

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45
Q

paleolithic genuses

A

australopithelcine and Homo sapien

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46
Q

paleolithic subsistence

A

hunting/gathering

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47
Q

paleolithic social organization

A

nomadic bands

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48
Q

mesolithic geologic time

A

Holocene epoch

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49
Q

Mesolithic tools

A

microliths

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50
Q

microliths

A

made by small flaking of stone

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51
Q

Mesolithic subsistence

A

broad spectrum collecting

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52
Q

Mesolithic social organization

A

nomadism and settling

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53
Q

neolithic geologic time

A

Holocene epoch

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54
Q

neolithic tools

A

ground stone tools, food processor, pottery, granary

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55
Q

neolithic subsistence

A

cultivation and domesticaton

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56
Q

neolithic social organization

A

settlements, stratification, specialists

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57
Q

the lower paleolithic time period is known as

A

the million year plateau

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58
Q

the lower paleolithic time period had what tool varities

A

Oldowan and acheulian

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59
Q

Oldowan tools

A

used hard percussion flaking and were uniface

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60
Q

Acheulian tools

A

used baton/soft method and were biface

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61
Q

middle paleolithic tool types

A

Levalloisian and Mousterian

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62
Q

Levalloisian tools

A

flaked stone tools that were light and flat, spears

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63
Q

Mousterian tools

A

used fire, thrusting spears

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64
Q

upper paleolithic tool types

A

Gravettian and Magdelin

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65
Q

Gravettian tools were used to make

A

ivory figures, beads, fertility idols

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66
Q

Magdelin tools

A

composite tools, had points, bow and arrow

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67
Q

evidence of both genders using tools

A

indigenous people today, woman in peru buried with hunting weapons

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68
Q

tool evidence of humans in the americas

A

clovis spear point dating to 11,000 BP
new stone tools dated 13,000 BP

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69
Q

neanderthal tools

A

lissoirs to polish animal hides

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70
Q

non primate tools use is

A

not obligate

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71
Q

otzi the ice man tools

A

leather leggings, fur hat, backpack, shoes, bow, Firestarter, copper axe

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72
Q

domestication is cultural/evolutionary

A

cultural

73
Q

agriculture began how many years ago

A

10,000 BP

74
Q

Mesolithic time period signified what transition in domestication

A

fully nomadic to semisedentary

75
Q

Natufians

A

first semi-sedentary culture is palestine

76
Q

broad spectrum revolution

A

switch from hunting big game to small game, causing a more varied diet

77
Q

vertical economy

A

seasonal resource use

78
Q

proto-neolithic food sources

A

collected wild cereals and hunting/gathering

79
Q

Natufian tools

A

sickle blade, fish hooks, needles

80
Q

neolithic revolution is known as

A

the origins of agriculture

81
Q

domesticated dogs are descendants of

A

wolves

82
Q

domesticating dogs were based

A

artificial selection for physical and behavioral characteristics

83
Q

first date of dog domestication

A

23,000 BP in siberia

84
Q

fertile crescent

A

location of the beginnings of agriculture

85
Q

the fertile crescent stretched from

A

Egypt to iran along rivers

86
Q

evidence of agriculture in the fertile crescent

A

irrigation earthworks

87
Q

first place for agriculture to spread to from the fertile crescent

A

asia (8500 BP)

88
Q

last place for agriculture to spread to from the fertile crescent

A

Africa (4000 BP)

89
Q

morphological changes in agriculture

A

higher yield, no natural seed dispersal, larger plants/seeds

90
Q

agriculture allowed

A

sedentism

91
Q

tell

A

hill/mound of layers of civilization built on top of each other

92
Q

Jericho is the earliest

A

pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic, neolithic site

93
Q

pottery began with

A

agriculture to store food

94
Q

effects of the neolithic revolution

A

increase in population, material complexity, economic trade, social stratification, political complexity, negative decrease in health and nutrition

95
Q

neolithic demographic transition

A

increase in population due to agriculture

96
Q

first known trade route stretched from

A

Egypt to mesopotamia

97
Q

what did traders in the middle east use as currency

A

cowry shells and obsidian

98
Q

social stratification began because of

A

accumulation of wealth

99
Q

negative decrease in health and nutrition was because of

A

food stress, sedation, change to neolithic diet

100
Q

evidence of food domestication

A

soil flotation, carvings, instruments, Otzi’s stomach, landfills

101
Q

sites of agricultural sites

A

nile valley, Mesopotamia, indus river valley, Huang river valley

102
Q

jericho was first settled by who, when

A

Natufians in 11,000 BP

103
Q

Indus River Civilization sites

A

Harappa, Mohanjodaro, Lothal

104
Q

mohanjodaro important factors

A

state structures, street planning, several storied houses, a sewer system

105
Q

lothal important factors

A

brick lined streets

106
Q

Harappa important factors

A

wells

107
Q

indus river valley artifacts

A

figurines, toy, seals, pottery

108
Q

monumental architecture in mesopotamia

A

ziggurats

109
Q

ziggurats

A

terraced pyramids made out of sun-dried mud brick that are temple towers to house gods

110
Q

Egyptian pyramids changed from

A

from a tomb, to step pyramid, to bent pyramid, to the great pyramid

111
Q

great pyramid of giza

A

burial chambers of pharoh made out of limestone and granite

112
Q

Guatemala monumental architecture

A

myan civilization pyramids in tikal

113
Q

Cambodia monumental architecture

A

baksen Chakrang pyramid temple

114
Q

indus script

A

writing system from Indus river civilization that has not been deciphered

115
Q

indus script characteristics

A

4-700 unique symbols, r/l and bidirectional, pictorial and abstract

116
Q

three stages of writing systems

A

1) use of signs for word sounds
2) syllabic writing
3) alphabetic writing

117
Q

pictogram/pictograph

A

symbol representing a concept

118
Q

Sumerian writing came from , Akkadian writing came from

A

northern Mesopotamia, southern mesopotamia

119
Q

Mesopotamian writing characteristics

A

used cuneiform, a stylus, 90% untranslated, numeral based 60

120
Q

cuneiform

A

wedge-shaped writing utensil

121
Q

hieroglyphic

A

logogram alphabet

122
Q

syllabic writing was developed in

A

phoenicia

123
Q

alphabetic writing

A

standardized set of symbols developed in Greece and italy

124
Q

causes for the collapse of ancient state societies

A

catastrophic events, habitat destruction, demographic pressure, warfare

125
Q

what is the theory about what happened to Angkor wat

A

overfarming

126
Q

what is the theory about what happened to easter island

A

deforestation

127
Q

why was there no city development in africa

A

no food surplus and disease

128
Q

kingdom of aksum

A

ancient state in modern day ethiopia

129
Q

ancient house structures

A

mammoth bone shelters, caves, pit houses, yurts, long houses

130
Q

paleolithic disease types

A

parasitic and zoonotic

131
Q

common paleolithic parasites

A

lice and pinworms

132
Q

three types of lice

A

body, hair, and pubic

133
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

infectious disease transmission from animals to people

134
Q

zoonotic disease examples

A

tapeworm, anthrax, ebola

134
Q

how were zoonotic diseases often picked up

A

off of hunted game

135
Q

communicable diseases

A

spread person to person

136
Q

why was there not communicable diseases in the paleolithic era

A

populations were spread out

137
Q

at which point in history did viral diseases begin to spread

A

neolithic era

138
Q

population increase and urban density led to what type of disease

A

viral

139
Q

viral disease examles

A

flu, measles, mumps, pox

140
Q

sedentism led to what type of disease, why

A

parasitic infection because of water contamination

141
Q

parasitic infection disease examples

A

cholera

142
Q

trade and travel caused what in disease spread

A

epidemics

143
Q

epidemic example

A

black death plague

144
Q

animal domestication led to what change in disesases

A

exposition to disease vectors

145
Q

humans gave animals what diseases

A

tapeworm and TB

146
Q

animals gave humans what diseases

A

brucellosis

147
Q

plant cultivation led to what change in disease

A

insect vectos

148
Q

example of insect diseases

A

typhus from mites, schistosomiasis from snails, malaria and yellow fever from mosquitoes

149
Q

dietary deficiencies and nutritional stress led to what changes in human health

A

decline in size, stature, lifespan, tooth decay

150
Q

how are we aware of tooth decay

A

tools, tooth enamel analysis, food between teeth

151
Q

malaria is worsened by

A

anthropophilic mosquitoes

152
Q

black death spread from

A

china to Europe on trade routes

153
Q

black death was carried by

A

rodent fleas

154
Q

how are we aware of black plague

A

through dental analysis, not lesions

155
Q

evidence of black plague

A

catastrophe cemetery in london

156
Q

frailty

A

preexisting conditions that make one more susceptible to disease

157
Q

lesions

A

bodily marks of illness

158
Q

teeth lessions indicate

A

food stress, syphilis

159
Q

bone lesions indicate

A

cancer, trauma, malnutrition, anemia, TB, rickets

160
Q

how are mummy diseases determined

A

DNA analysis and immunochmeicals

161
Q

Otzi’s diseases

A

Beau’s lines in fingernails, whipworm in feces, harris lines on shinbones, arthritis, heart disease, lactose intolerance, lyme disease, microware of teeth, tattoos for acupuncture

162
Q

innovation in disease a century ago

A

better public health, nutrition, and medicine

163
Q

important study in public health in 19th century

A

importance of handwashing in Vienna

164
Q

significant changes in disease a century ago

A

decline in infectious disease, increase in lifespan, rise in non-infectious, chronic, degenerative diseases

165
Q

significant changes in disease currently

A

reemergence of diseases, antibiotic resistance, healthcare inequity

166
Q

currently reemerging diseases

A

malaria, measles

167
Q

currently antibiotic resistance disease

A

TB

168
Q

90/10 gap

A

90% of diseases effecting people worldwide get only 10% of funding

169
Q

medical anthropology

A

study of disease, health problems, and care systems

170
Q

naturalistic disease explanation

A

impersonal, important in the west

171
Q

emotionalistic disease explanation

A

experience causes illness

172
Q

example of an emotionalistic disease

A

susto in latin america

173
Q

personalistic disease explanation

A

illness is blamed on agents such as sourcers, spirits, etc

174
Q

kuru

A

trembling sickness of the south fore people in paupa new guinea transmitted through ritualistic brain eating, causing paralysis

175
Q

pibloktoq

A

artic hysteria in inuit people, a culturally specific disorder

176
Q

windigo psychosis

A

cannibalistic, suicidal tendencies in inuit people, a culturally specific disorder

177
Q

hikikomoi

A

acute social withdrawal of teenage boys in Japan

178
Q

gauge

A

forcefeeeding girls to fatten them to be suitable brides in the tuarey people of africa

ANTH 2120 (4 decks)

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