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ANTH 2120 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

development steps of language

A

pictographic, ideographic, logographic, syllabic, alphabetic

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2
Q

pictographic language

A

picture writing

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3
Q

example of pictographic language

A

early sumerian

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4
Q

ideographic language

A

concept writing

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5
Q

example of ideographic writing

A

late sumerian

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6
Q

logographic language

A

single character represents a word

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7
Q

logographic language example

A

chinese

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8
Q

syllabic language

A

consists of consonants only

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9
Q

example of syllabic language

A

phoenician

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10
Q

alphabetic language

A

consists of consonants and vowels

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11
Q

alphabetic language example

A

Greek, latin, english

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12
Q

bow-wow theory of language evolution

A

imitating sounds led to language

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13
Q

ding-dong theory of language evolution

A

sound symbolism developed into language

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14
Q

evolutionary changes needed for language

A

brain size, anatomy, symbolic learning

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15
Q

brain size and language connection

A

encephalization, bipedalism, and protein intake

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16
Q

anatomy and language connection

A

lower larynx, vocal tract lengthening, hyoid bone

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17
Q

symbolic learning and language connection

A

representational cave art

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18
Q

non-human primate language

A

diana monkey call signs, koko gorilla using ASL

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19
Q

kung san tribe uses

A

sign language when hunting

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20
Q

unique characteristics of human language

A

productivity, displacement, arbitrariness

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21
Q

productivity of human language

A

flexible, creative, limitless capacity for expression

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22
Q

displacement of human language

A

ability to refer to those that are not present

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23
Q

arbitrariness of human language

A

no necessary connection between words and objects

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24
Q

phonology

A

study of sounds

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25
Q

phonetics

A

variations in sound

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26
Q

phonemics

A

variations in sound that distinguish meaning

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27
Q

phonemes

A

smallest contrastive unit of sound that can change meaning

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28
Q

how do phonemes change

A

tonalized, nasalized, or use of clicks

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29
Q

morphology

A

study of words

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30
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of meaning

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31
Q

example of phoneme

A

bat vs pat

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32
Q

syntax

A

rules for making a sentence

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33
Q

noam Chomsky theory on syntax

A

completely correct sense can make no sense

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34
Q

semantics

A

study of meanings of symbols, words, phrases, or sentences

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35
Q

sociolinguistics

A

how language is used to organize things

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36
Q

examples of sociolinguistics

A

honorifics, gender, diglossia

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37
Q

pragmatics

A

context of meaning

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38
Q

implicatures

A

what someone implies beyond literal meaning

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39
Q

nuer of sudan

A

tribe of pastoralists that have a vast vocabulary to identify their cattle

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40
Q

sappir-wolf hypothesis

A

language shapes perception and is a coercive force

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41
Q

Gugur Yimithirr

A

tribe in northern queensland that use cardinal directions instead of right or left

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42
Q

Jahi tribe significant

A

words for smell are like English words for color

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43
Q

greater the amount of flora and fauna means what about languages

A

the more languages there are

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44
Q

what country has the most languages

A

Papa New Guinea

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45
Q

loss of language causes

A

loss of heritage, story telling, ethnobotanical knowledge

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46
Q

kinesics

A

body motion and facial expressions and gestures

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47
Q

proxemics

A

perception and use of space in different cultures

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48
Q

example of proxemics

A

different ideas on personal space

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49
Q

kogals

A

bad girls female subculuture in Japan

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50
Q

ganguro

A

very tan, white eyes and lips of Kogal look

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51
Q

yamamba

A

mountain hag Kogal look

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52
Q

dropped “ra” murder

A

change in Japanese language by dropping the “ra” in words to create slang

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53
Q

diglossia

A

difference in language registration

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54
Q

Sir Edward Taylor’s theory on culture

A

unilineal cultural evolution

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55
Q

unilineal cultural evolution

A

all societies pass through the same stages of evolution at different times

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56
Q

stages of unilineal cultural evolution

A

promiscuity, savagery, barbarism, civilization

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57
Q

Herbert spencer’s theory on culture

A

social darwinsim/biological determinism

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58
Q

social Darwinism/biological determinism

A

racial differences in intelligence are due to innate biological difference

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59
Q

ergo

A

euro-Americans are biological and culturally superior

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60
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

people at lower stages of cultural evolution are inferior and underdeveloped

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61
Q

culture

A

learned traditions and customs that control behaviors and beliefs

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62
Q

is cultural genetic

A

no, learned, not instinctual

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63
Q

sociobiology

A

cultural practices are about biological drives

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64
Q

example of sociobiological beliefs

A

families are about passing genes, not values

65
Q

enculturation

A

learning a culture through emersion

66
Q

conditioning/situational learning

A

responding to cues

67
Q

social learning

A

through observation and copying

68
Q

symbolic learning

A

associate signs that have no natural connection to the things they stand for

69
Q

shared culture

A

people share values, beliefs, and norms

70
Q

values

A

what is considered good/bad/ugly

71
Q

example of American values

A

“rugged” individualism

72
Q

beliefs

A

what is considered true and false

73
Q

example of American beliefs

A

kids should leave home by 18

74
Q

norms

A

what is okay and what is not

75
Q

example of American norms

A

parents don’t live with grown children

76
Q

folkways

A

line between right and rude enforced by gentle social pressure

77
Q

example of American folkways

A

chewing with your mouth shut

78
Q

mores

A

morally binding difference between right and wrong, but no illegal

79
Q

example of American more

A

smoking in church

80
Q

is country static

A

no, dynamic

81
Q

subculture results from

A

generational differences, deviance, counterculture

82
Q

subcultures recieve

A

backlash from dominant culture

83
Q

cultural hemogony

A

apartheid or fundamentalism

84
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging other cultures negatively on the basis of one’s own

85
Q

cultural negatives

A

cultural homogeny, ethnocentrism, essentialism, stereotypes, culture clash

86
Q

diffusion

A

borrowing traits from other cultures

87
Q

acculturation

A

intermingling of cultures

88
Q

deculturation

A

loss or abandonment of culture or cultural characteristics of a people or society

89
Q

example of independent innovation

A

written language

90
Q

globalization

A

interlinked, mutually dependent world

91
Q

cultural appropriation

A

taking another’s culture out of context inappropriately

92
Q

etic study

A

culturally neutral study

93
Q

Emic study

A

culturally specific study

94
Q

Marvin Harris’ theory on cultural study

A

cultural selection

95
Q

cultural selection

A

allows successful adaption to material environment

96
Q

critique of cultural selection

A

cultures can be maladaptive

97
Q

Clifford Geertz theory on cultural study

A

anthropology is a science of interpretation

98
Q

thick description of culture

A

sensitivity to cultural meaning and context

99
Q

colonialism began as a search for

A

commodities

100
Q

Sir Edward Taylor was the founder of

A

cultural anthropology

101
Q

why did Sir Edward Taylor pursue cultural anthropology

A

wanted to understand primitive people

102
Q

mercantilism

A

age of discovery and exploration

103
Q

exploration was allowed by

A

perfected ship building

104
Q

marco pollo

A

explored along the silk road to expose Europeans to the East

105
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

discovered the Americas as an explorer for the Spainish

106
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

explored around South America and circumvented the world

107
Q

Mercantilism instigated

A

a transoceanic economy and diffusion

108
Q

British India Indentured Labor

A

1 million Indian laborers were transported in the British Empire

109
Q

modernization

A

growth of the nation state, investment, tech innovation, nation-stateredte sponsored trade

110
Q

industrial revolution

A

factory replaced agricultural importance to create stratification and pollution

111
Q

imperialism

A

policy of extending the rules of a country to foreign nations

112
Q

colonialism

A

political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people for an extended time

113
Q

how did industrialized countries compete for control of other countries

A

territorial conquest, ideological justification

114
Q

did conquest or justification come first

A

conquest

115
Q

enlightenment

A

intellectual movement of reason and social progress

116
Q

what did enlightenment promote about colonialism

A

believed colonialism was to build a better world and was the civilizing mission of white men

117
Q

political imperialism

A

the entire world was occupied and divided by European powers

118
Q

terra australis incognita

A

unknown southern world

119
Q

economic imperialism

A

dominant powers established economic power by forced labor and pillaging of local resources

120
Q

Development of Underdevelopment

A

Andre Gunder Frank

121
Q

theory of the Development of Underdevelopment

A

resources flow from colonies to capitalist countries so that western cultures are developed at the expense of colonies

122
Q

colonial forestry effects

A

appropriated timber for railroad and shipbuilding in government and colonies, banned timber use by locals, depleted native forests

123
Q

HMS Maiden example of colonial forestry

A

built out of teak in India, but ended up fighting the War of 1812 in Baltimore

124
Q

cultural Imperialism

A

colonizer’s culture imposed on the colonized

125
Q

how is cultural imperialism carried out

A

law, education, forced acculturation

126
Q

tropes of colonial discourse

A

debasement of other and affirmation of self

127
Q

scientific colonialism

A

center for knowledge about a nation is outside of the nation itself

128
Q

collection of info in scientific colonialism is for

A

the betterment of the government, not the people

129
Q

human terrain system project

A

anthropologists took advantage of the Afghan wars to gain ask to people, but then gave the info they learned to US soldiers

130
Q

the Humman terrain System Project was denounced by

A

the American Anthropological Association

131
Q

ethnology

A

science of race

132
Q

ethnology characteristics

A

polygenism, black people are inferior, used to condone slavery

133
Q

eugenics

A

pseudo-science of improving a human population, especially by such means as
discouraging reproduction by persons with genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable
undesirable traits through forced sterilization or encouraging reproduction
by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits

134
Q

eugenics was supported by ____ in the US

A

Justice Wendell Holmes

135
Q

eugenics is used today

A

to control the Roma Gypsies in the Czech Republic

136
Q

Scratch Test for Native Americans

A

belief that full-blooded native americans would be more red when scratched than mixed blood

137
Q

the Nazis targeted what people group with eugenics

A

jews, roma, and disabled

138
Q

Eugenic Ideal

A

eye color chart by Dr Rudolf Martin in 1910

139
Q

Chromatic Scale for Classifying Skin Color was created by

A

Dr Felix Ritter von Lushan in 1911

140
Q

Eugenics in medicine today

A

doctors are told blacks/latinos don’t feel pain as much and are denied medications

141
Q

ethnic groups share

A

culture

142
Q

ethnicity doesn’t match

A

race

143
Q

Ford Melting Pot

A

orientation of how to be American

144
Q

the US melting pot focused on

A

assimilation and homogony

145
Q

the US salad bowl theory focused on

A

multiculturalism and mutlethnicism

146
Q

miscegenation laws were appealed in

A

1967 to allow interracial marriage

147
Q

race on an individual level is about

A

self-identificaton

148
Q

White Privilege

A

invisible package of unearned assets which are meant to remain oblivous

149
Q

White Privilege was coined by

A

Peggy McIntosh

150
Q

Janet Holmes determined that

A

Race is learned or unlearned in stages

151
Q

Janet Holmes believed the stages of learning race were

A
  1. Contact
  2. Disintegration
  3. Reintegration
  4. Pseudo-Independence
  5. Immersion
  6. Autonomy
152
Q

weathering

A

toxic stress of discrimination triggering premature deterioration

153
Q

who experiences weathering

A

African American women

154
Q

example of an African American Woman who experienced weathering

A

Serena Williams experiencing excessive clotting after childbirth

155
Q

smedly’s theory on racism

A

racism did not exist in Europe until after the 17th century after it developed in America

156
Q

what disproves smedly’s theory on racism

A

art history depicted blacks in a negative way, such as the devil as being black

157
Q

examples of racism in Europe today

A

antigypsyism and a black soccer player

158
Q

importance of Bacon’s Rebellion

A

hardened racism and cemented slavery in America

ANTH 2120 (4 decks)

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