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Geo 1 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nicolaus Steno

A

Danish physician, “Godfather of Stratigraphy”, created stratigraphic principles

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2
Q

Principle of Superposition

A

whatever on top is younger than what’s beneath it

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3
Q

Principle of Lateral Continuity

A

beds are deposited uniformly in lateral directions unless something is blocking them

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4
Q

Unconformities

A

Gaps in the rock record (missing periods of time)

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5
Q

What can cause unconformities?

A

Erosion (happening at a faster rate than deposition)
No deposition
Large changes in condition (like switching from an igneous environment to uplifting a sedimentary environment)

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6
Q

Types of unconformities

A

Disconformities
Angular unconformity
Nonconformity

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7
Q

Disconformity

A

Happens from missing deposition or erosion

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8
Q

Angular unconformity

A

Rocks are deformed (then eroded)

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9
Q

Nonconformity

A

Sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of igneous or metamorphic rocks

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10
Q

Faunal succession

A

The stratigraphic ordering of fossils

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11
Q

Desirable features of index fossils

A

Very common (chances of being buried are good)
Hard parts (good chances of fossilization)
Wide geographic range (correlation over a wide region is possible)
Lived in/deposited in different environments
Distinctive features (can be recognized from similar forms)
Short geological duration (few million years at most; provides a more specific age range)

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12
Q

Biostratigraphic correlation

A

Associating fossils and layerings of fossils to different time periods (and correlating that with different rock formations)
Good for determining a global relative time scale, but numerical/absolute time is still unresolved

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13
Q

Geochronology

A

Another name for numerical dating

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14
Q

Isotopes

A

A special chemical element having a different number of neutrons (but the same number of protons)

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15
Q

Stable isotopes

A

Non-radioactive isotopes that occur naturally

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16
Q

Radiogenic isotopes

A

Isotope that radioactively decays from an “unstable” parent to a “stable” daughter isotope

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17
Q

Natural uranium

A

High concentration of Uranium-238

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18
Q

Low-enriched, highly-enriched (and depleted, as a result of the enrichment process) deal with which isotope of uranium?

A

Uranium-235 (which has a shorter half-life than Uranium-238)

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19
Q

Low enriched uranium

A

Most commercial reactor fuel uses it

20
Q

Highly enriched uranium

A

Used in naval propulsion reactors, nuclear weapons, and some research reactors

21
Q

Alpha decay

A

Process where an unstable nucleus changes to another element by shooting out a particle of two protons and two neutrons

22
Q

Beta decay

A

Decay in which a proton in a nucleus is converted to a neutron (after an electron is removed)

23
Q

Isotopic dating

A

Gives the time a mineral cooled below its “closure temperature”
Cooling of magma or lava to solid in igneous rock
In metamorphic rock: dropping below closure temperature

24
Q

Oldest crystal and rocks dated

A

Zircon crystals in Australia: 4.3 billion years
Oldest rock in Canada: 4.03 billion years

25
Q

Radon

A

Produced by the radioactive decay of Ur and Th (one part of the long decay chain)
Emits alpha particles that damage human tissues

26
Q

Radiocarbon dating (name what it is, what it uses, and what that element has a half life of)

A

Uses carbon-14 (living organisms keep it in equilibrium with the atmosphere until their death, when carbon-14 starts to decay to nitrogen-14)
Estimates the age of organic materials up until 62k years ago (as it has a half-life of 5730 years)

27
Q

Other numerical dating techniques

A

Growth rings (trees and shells)
Rhythmic layering (annual layers in sediments or ice)

28
Q

Evidence of plate tectonics (7 bits)

A
  1. Atlantic coastline/Gondwanaland
  2. Continental drift
  3. Fossil record (fossils spread across different continents that were once suggested)
  4. Geologic similarities
  5. Magnetism, magnetic reversals, magnetic stripes on the seafloor
  6. Topography of the Atlantic
  7. Seafloor spreading
29
Q

Eduard Suess

A

Suggested the continents were once together as a supercontinent called “Gondwanaland” (1890s)

30
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

Idea of continental drift in 1915

31
Q

Other explanations for fossil record evidence

A

Rafting (across ocean)
Landbridges/Isthmian links
Island stepping stones
Wind currents

32
Q

South America and Africa share what type of rock

A

Flood basalts, formed from a hotspot

33
Q

Glacial striations

A

Marks where a glacier scratched bedrock

34
Q

Magnetic stripes

A

Symmetric magnetic signals across what we know to be the mid-ocean ridge

35
Q

Marie Tharp

A

Made maps showing the topography of the ocean; ridges and really deep trenches that pointed to plate locations

36
Q

Proposed (the accepted idea) of plate tectonics

A

1965, J. Tuzo Wilson

37
Q

Proposed the idea of seafloor spreading

A

1962: Harry Hess and Robert S. Dietz
Other folks later confirmed it in 1963

38
Q

Divergent plates

A

Plates moving apart creates new lithosphere; occurs at mid-ocean ridges
Forms volcanoes
Shallower earthquakes

39
Q

Convergent

A

Plates moving together causes them to collide, then pull one under the other, causing that plate to meet the mantle and be recycled
Forms volcanoes
Deeper earthquakes

40
Q

Transform plates

A

Plates slide horizontally past each other, often happening in between divergent or convergent boundaries
No active volcano formation
Shallower earthquakes

41
Q

Plate movement rate (at the outlier)

A

~15 - ~100 mm/year
Nazca plate: ~150 mm/year

42
Q

Distance India moved (which has led to the formation of the Himalaya mountains, after the breakup of Pangaea)

A

3,300 km

43
Q

T/F: plate tectonics has occurred for all of Earth’s history

A

False: only 85% of modern continental crust was present by the end of the Archean period

44
Q

What causes plates to move?

A

Thought to be the convection of the mantle

45
Q

Considerations to be made when installing a GPS station:

A

Attached to bedrock/hard rock (not susceptible to weathering/erosion beneath)
Be aware of biology around the station (which could lead to a noisy signal)
Put it in an area that’s interesting for scientific questions

46
Q

Some things that GPS motion can help us understand

A

Plate motion, underground magma, changing glaciers and snow depth, compacting ground, changing amount of groundwater, size of lakes and reservoirs, amount of soil moisture, amount of water in the atmosphere, vegetation growth, amount of ash in atmosphere, sea level

47
Q

If stations are moving in different directions, then to get the total displacement along the fault, you need to _________ their rates together

A

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Geo 1 (7 decks)

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