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Geo 1 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Endogenic process

A

Internal process that builds up landforms
Powered by the heat within the Earth

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2
Q

Exogenic process

A

External process that tears down landforms
Powered by solar energy

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3
Q

Superposition

A

Rocks get younger as you move up

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4
Q

Original horizontality

A

Sediments are originally deposited in horizontal layers. If they’re tilted, they moved after deposition

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5
Q

Cross-cutting

A

Cut rocks are older than the rock cutting them

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6
Q

Unconformities

A

A gap in time when no rock layers are present — often due to erosion or change in conditions

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7
Q

Universe’s age

A

13.8 bi

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8
Q

Earth’s age

A

4.6 bi

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9
Q

Catastrophism

A

Earth’s features were produced by sudden, worldwide disasters of unknowable causes that no longer operated; based on Archbishop James Ussher’s study of the Bible in the mid-1600s
Through this school of thought, the Earth was thought to be only a few thousand years old

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10
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Forces that appear small could, over long spans of time, produce the same effects as those resulting from catastrophic events; from James Hutton in the late 1700s
“The present is the key to the past”

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11
Q

Earth layers, as defined by composition vs by physical properties

A

Composition: Crust, mantle, core
Physical properties/mechanical: lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer and inner core

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12
Q

Continental crust

A

Light, thick, old, complicated
Felsic silicate rocks

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13
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Heavy, thin, young, simple
Mafic silicate rocks

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14
Q

Mohorovic Discontinuity

A

Sharp boundary between crust and mantle

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15
Q

Lithosphere

A

Composed of uppermost mantle and crust; the “plates” in plate tectonics. Deforms brittely if at all

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16
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Weak substrate on which plates ride. Deforms plastically. “Solid, but mobile”

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17
Q

Isotasy

A

Refers to lighter crust floating on deeper mantle. The weight of the crust affects the position of the mantle

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18
Q

Inner core vs outer core

A

Inner core is solid, outer is molten. The movement of Fe in the outer core generates Earth’s magnetic field. The inner core of earth rotates at a different rate than the rest of the Earth. Together, they form most of Earth’s mass

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19
Q

Rock

A

Consolidated of one or more minerals

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20
Q

Mineral (definition/properties)

A

Solid, naturally-occurring, characteristic crystal structure (orderly atoms), generally inorganic, homogeneous

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21
Q

Crystalline

A

Any natural solid with an ordered, repetitive, atomic structure

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22
Q

Polymorph

A

Minerals with the same chemical composition but different structure

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23
Q

Mineral types

A

Silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates

24
Q

Five most common minerals

A

Plagioclase feldspars: 39%
Potassium feldspars: 12%
Quartz: 12%
Pyroxenes: 11%
Amphiboles/Micas/Clays 5%, or nonsilicates are 8%

25
Q

Ways for minerals to form

A

Change in temperature, crystallization from solutions in water, biological processes

26
Q

Chemical formula and charge of a silica tetrahedron

A

SiO4, -4

27
Q

Mafic silicates

A

Rich in iron and magnesium; darker in color/green: Olivine and Pyroxene

28
Q

Felsic silicates

A

Have smaller proportions of iron and magnesium and higher proportions of silica and oxygen; lighter in color: Quartz and Feldspar

29
Q

Most abundant elements in earth’s crust

A

Oxygen (47%) and silicon (28%), followed by aluminum and iron

30
Q

In ionic bonds (which form 90% of minerals), ______ of similar size can substitute for each other

A

Cations (smaller than anions); different cations form different mineral colors

31
Q

Second most abundant mineral group in the earth’s crust

A

Carbonates

32
Q

Major minerals of carbonates

A

Calcite, aragonite, dolomite

33
Q

Mineral examples of oxides

A

Hematite, magnetite, corundum

34
Q

Mineral example(s) of sulfides

A

Pyrite, chalcopyrite

35
Q

Mineral examples of sulfates

A

Gypsum, anhydrite

36
Q

How many subclasses of silicate minerals are there? What distinguishes these subclasses from one another?

A

6 subclasses, based on the arrangements of the silica tetrahedra

37
Q

Nesosilicates

A

Single tetrahedron; olivine and garnet (most important minerals in the upper mantle)

38
Q

Inosilicates

A

Single chain: pyroxene
Double chain: Amphibole

39
Q

Phyllosilicates

A

Sheet structure, good basal cleavage

40
Q

Tectosilicates

A

“Framework” structure; quartz and feldspar minerals are the most important groups

41
Q

Key points to how the Earth was formed:

A
  • Event triggered gravitational collapse of a cloud of dust and gas (a nebula), which formed a spinning disk as it collapsed; “nebular hypothesis” describes how our solar system evolved from the solar nebula
  • Collapse released gravitational energy that heats the center and goes on to form a star
  • Outer, cooler particles collide and build plants (and other bodies) (this is called accretion)
  • Younger stellar activity blows off any remaining gas and leaves an embryonic solar system
  • Rocky/terrestrial planets form in the hotter interior, gas/jovial planets form in the colder outer regions
  • Earth formed its layers because of temperature and density differences (Fe and Ni sank to form the core, molten rock rose to form the crust. While this was happening, a Mars-sized body hit the Earth (forming the moon)
42
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

Refers to how all elements before Fe (iron) were created. Under intense heat, atoms fused together to form other light atoms

43
Q

Planetary differentiation

A

The processes of separating out different constituents of a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical behavior, where the body develops into compositionally distinct layers.
This process has occurred on planets, dwarf planets, an asteroid, and natural satellites.

44
Q

Terrestrial vs Jovian planets

A

Terrestrial planets: inner planets, are more rocky, smaller
Jovian planets: outer planets, gas and ice, bigger

45
Q

Giant Impact Theory

A

Main theory of moon formation. Shortly after the Earth formed, a Mars-sized body impacted the earth, generating a cloud of dust and vapor that condensed and accumulated to form the Moon.

46
Q

What three factors increase with depth of the Earth?

A

Density, temperature, and pressure

47
Q

Is the mantle or crust more homogeneous? Why?

A

The mantle is more homogeneous because it convects.

48
Q

Mantle

A

Made up of dense rocks (peridotite, silicates). Is a non-Newtonian fluid.

49
Q

Cation

A

Atom that gives up electrons and has a positive charge

50
Q

Anion

A

Atom that takes electrons and has a negative charge

51
Q

Most stable form of bonding

A

Covalent bonding

52
Q

Cleavage

A

The way a mineral breaks
Note: In silicates, the O bonds are much stronger than the cation bonds, leading to planes of weakness

53
Q

Properties used to identify minerals

A

Hardness, cleavage, fracture, luster, color, density, streak, and crystal habit

54
Q

Fracture

A

Any break in a mineral that doesn’t occur along a cleavage plane

55
Q

Irregular fracture

A

Uneven surfaces

56
Q

Conchoidal fracture

A

Smooth, curved surfaces

57
Q

Luster

A

The way a mineral reflects light. Metallic, nonmetallic (glassy, glossy, greasy, waxy, pearly, earthy)

Geo 1 (7 decks)

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