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Geo 1 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Significance of tellurium minerals

A

Solar cells

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2
Q

Significance of cobalt

A

Used in speakers, phones, electric motors, rechargeable batteries, stainless steel. Most of it is mined in Africa. US is largest consumer but doesn’t produce.

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3
Q

Ore

A

Material that occurs naturally and contains a mineral(s) that can be extracted for profit

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4
Q

Ore grade

A

The concentration of the desired metal/element within the ore. Often given in percentages (i.e. 2% has 2 pounds of material in 100 pounds of ore)

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5
Q

Beneficiation

A

Separates desired mineral from the rest of the rocks and minerals in the ore

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6
Q

Leaching

A

The use of chemicals to dissolve desired metals and transport them in a solution to the collection area

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7
Q

Refining

A

The final process in purifying an ore to the concentration after beneficiation

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8
Q

Tailings

A

Waste material created by beneficiation

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9
Q

The process of ore extraction includes these steps:

A

Exploring, extraction, beneficiation/smelting/refining (concentrating it)

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10
Q

Some methods geologists use for finding suitable mining locations (part of exploration)

A

Maps, results at similar geological environments, and visit to potential site for field studies (mapping, sampling, and/or chemical analysis)

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11
Q

Surface mining vs underground mining

A

Surface mines are typically larger and use blasting procedures.
Underground mines are smaller operations with less land disturbance and waste rock (and the waste is often moved to the surface or used to fill in mine areas no longer in use)

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12
Q

The presence of what type of minerals leads to pollution/contamination?

A

Sulfides

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13
Q

Beneficiation

A

The process through which the desired minerals are concentrated

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14
Q

Smelting

A

Separates the metal from the material through heating in the presence of a material known as flux. Desired mineral settles to bottom of melt, undesireables (slag) rise to top

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15
Q

Some new standards for mine closure, in order to reduce contamination

A

Slope stabilization and water/soil treatment

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16
Q

Hydration shell

A

Cations that “hydrolize” in water change pH – small ions with high charge tend to hold onto some water molecules

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17
Q

Lithium

A

Mined from intrusive igneous rock, often mined from brine, component in batteries, most brine-derived lithium is located in one spot of the Andes Mountains of South America

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18
Q

Brine mining

A

Well is drilled and brine is pumped to the surface; brine will evaporate, minerals don’t need to be separated, and rocks don’t need to be broken and moved

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19
Q

Instrusive/plutonic

A

Rocks crystallized from slowly cooling magma intruded within the Earth’s crust. These rocks are course-grained; deep-seated, major intrustions

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20
Q

Extrusive/volcanic

A

Rocks crystallized from rapidly-cooling magma, extruded on the surface of Earth as lava or erupted as pyroclastic material. These rocks are fine-grained, from extrusive lava flows

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21
Q

Phaneritic

A

Course-grained, intrusive rocks

22
Q

Aphanitic

A

Fine-grained, extrusive rocks

23
Q

Vesicular

A

Contains vesicles (gas bubbles escaping lava)

24
Q

Porphyritic

A

Large crystals in fine-grained matrix. This mixture of course and fine comes from rocks cooling at different temperatures

25
Q

Glassy minerals tell us…

A

That minerals underwent rapid cooling (pumice and obsidian)

26
Q

Pyroclastic

A

(Fragmental); consolidation of individual rock fragments, ejected during volcanic eruption

27
Q

Two components of a porphyritic texture, and their definitions

A

Groundmass: fine-grain material (forms last)
Phenocryst: chunky texture/rock chunks

28
Q

Pumice vs tuff

A

Tuff: volcanic ash that’s been cemented together, has a higher density
Pumice: highly vesicular textured volcanic glass

29
Q

Lithic tuff

A

Tuff with predominantly rock fragments

30
Q

Vitric tuff

A

Tuff with predominantly pumice and glass fragments

31
Q

Crystal tuff

A

Tuff with predominantly crystal fragments

32
Q

QOP triangle components and what rock type it concerns

A

Quartz
Orthoclase
Plagioclase
Mainly concern felsic, intrusive rocks

33
Q

3 factors affecting melting (and how)

A

Pressure: increased pressure raises melting points (atoms are tighter and require increased energy to get them to vibrate)
Water content: increased water content lowers melting points. Water weakens the minerals’ bonds
Composition: felsic minerals melt at lower temperatures than mafic materials

34
Q

Origin of magmas

A

Mafic: melting of upper mantle (ex: at divergent spreading centers)
Intermediate: melting of sedimentary rocks and mafic lithosphere (ex: in subduction zones)
Felsic: melting of continental crust rocks

35
Q

Magma differentiation

A

Process by which rocks of various compositions can arise from uniform parent magma (mafic melts first, cools last, vice versa for felsic)

36
Q

Fractional crystallization

A

The process by which crystals forming in a cooling magma are segregated from the remaining liquid; the chemical composition of the magma slowly changes
In a simple scenario, crystal settles to the floor or adheres to the walls of the magma chamber
The reason magma becomes differentiated is because of fractional crystallization

37
Q

Bowen’s Reaction series

A

As our structure changes, it affects which minerals crystallize first (simplest structures crystallize first)

38
Q

Factors that affect viscosity

A

Magma composition (more silica = more viscous), temperature (lower temp = more viscous), amount of dissolved gases (increased amount decreases viscosity)

39
Q

3 major types of lavas

A

Basaltic, rhyolitic, and andesitic

40
Q

Mafic vs felsic magma

A

Mafic: low viscosity (flows), low explosiveness, divergent plate tectonic setting
Felsic: high viscosity (flows less), highly explosive, convergent plate tectonic setting

41
Q

Mafic, plutonic rock

A

Gabbro

42
Q

Mafic, volcanic rock

A

Basalt

43
Q

Felsic, plutonic rock

A

Granite

44
Q

Felsic, volcanic rock

A

Rhyolite

45
Q

Gross domestic product

A

Indicator of a country’s economic performance and its level of development.

46
Q

Natural resource consumption rate

A

Domestic extraction of a material plus its imports minus its exports of the same materials

47
Q

Energy density

A

How much energy is in a given mass. Used for batteries

48
Q

What temperature do rocks start to melt at

A

700 C

49
Q

Decompression melting

A

Pressure-induced melting

50
Q

Flux melting

A

Water content-induced melting

51
Q

Partial melting causes magma to…

A

Get more felsic, become less dense, and rise

Geo 1 (7 decks)

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