quiz 4

Question 1

which two moods cannot be reduced to the first figure in direct reduction

Answer 1

BAROCO and BOCARDO

Question 2

Which of the four options operations ( S, P, M, and C) do you use in indirect reduction

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Why is Reduction by Contradiction considered indirect rather than direct?

Answer 3

Reduction by Contradiction is called indirect because it doesn’t actually reduce the syllogism to the First Figure. It simply proves the syllogism valid
using a First Figure syllogism.

Question 4

what is the principle upon which indirect reduction is based

Answer 4

In a valid syllogism, if the conclusion is false, then at lease one of the premises must be false.

Question 5

In the example of BAROCO given in the book, if we say that all animals are rational creatures (thereby
contradicting the conclusion of the original syllogism), what should we be able to derive at the end of our
process of Indirect Reduction?

Answer 5

We should be able to derive the contradiction of at least one of the premises: either Some rational creatures are NOT created in the image of God
(contradiction of major premise) or all animals are created in the image of god (contradiction of the minor premise).

Question 6

in BAROCO which primes do we replace with the contradiction of the conclusion

Answer 6

We replace the minor premise with the contradiction of the conclusion.

Question 7

when the operation indicated in question 9 is completed, what statement do we have as our new conclusion

Answer 7

The contradiction of the minor premise.

Question 8

What reasoning do we use in this procedure?

Answer 8

We reason that if the syllogism cannot be invalid, it must be valid.

Question 9

Give the three steps for the Indirect Reduction of BAROCO.

Answer 9

1) Retain the original major premise; 2) Use the contradiction of the original conclusion as the new minor premise; 3) New conclusion which should be the contradiction of the original minor premise.