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Psych 200 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Edward Thorndike’s cats get out of the puzzle?

A

Instrumental learning, behavior is more liekly when rewards come out.
- trial and error

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2
Q

Where does Operant Conditioning come from

A

B.F Skinner expanded on Thorndikes work. He said that learning was like natural selection for behaviour, beneficial behaviour “survives” and increases, harmful behaviour gets weeded out by selection

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3
Q

What is the Skinner Box?

A

box that held rats, and they had a lever to press. They were rewarded when the lever was pressed. This was recorded by a cumulative recorder (shows the number/timing of lever presses)

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4
Q

ABCs of learning and person

A

B.F Skinner
Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence

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5
Q

What is antecedent

A

the stimuli present before behaviour (context or setting)

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6
Q

what is consequence

A

reinforcement-> something that increases behaviour

punishment-> something that decreases a behaviour

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7
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus

A

it is an antecedent stimulus that signals certain consequences, if a response is made

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8
Q

What is reinforcement

A

behaviour is more likely

  • positive= something added to the person
  • negative= something is taken away from the person
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9
Q

What is punishment

A

behaviour is less likely

  • positive= something being added to the person
  • negative= something being taken away from the person
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10
Q

Primary consequence

A

holding biological importance

- food, water, pain

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11
Q

Secondary consequence

A

only important because of the relationship to primary consequence.
- money (to buy food)

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12
Q

Animals and consequence

A

they learn immediate consequences faster

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13
Q

Humans and consequence

A 
delayed gratification (waiting for something to get a better reward/ payout)
- children who do not understand this concept have a hard time with frustration and stress later in life
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14
Q

Operant extinction

A
  • much like classical conditioning extinction
  • consequence is no longer paired with the response- you unlearn the connection
  • some behaviours are more resistant to extinction
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15
Q

Operant generalization

A

much like generalization in classical conditioning - organisms BEHAVIOUR generalizes to similar ANTECEDENTS
(dogs generalizes the word sit to everyone, it will listen to every pitch say it)

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16
Q

Operant discrimination

A
  • much like classical conditioning
  • organisms learn to discriminate between ANTECEDENTS
    (kids learns to not swear in front of adults, but its ok to in front of other kids)
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17
Q

What is shaping behaviour

A
  • reinforcing behaviours that are closer and closer to the desired one.
    (shaping the professor to teach only on the left side of the classroom)
18
Q

What is chaining in training

A
  • developing a sequence of responses by successively reinforcing the next behaviour in line
    (circus, amazing dog trainers)
19
Q

What is a schedule of reinforcement

A

patterns/frequencies of reinforcement

20
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A
  • every response or act is reinforced
  • fastest to learn
    easy to tell when reinforcement has stopped
21
Q

Partial reinforcement

A
  • only some responses or acts are reinforced
  • aka intermittent reinforcement
  • 4 types
22
Q

What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement and meaning

A
  • fixed ratio
  • variable ratio
  • fixed interval
  • variable interval

ratio- certain proportion of responses (50% of beh is reinforced)
interval- certain amount of time must pass (get reinforced every 5 mins)
fixed- always the same amount
variable- varies around an average

23
Q

Fixed ratio (partial reinforcement)

A
  • reinforcement always after a fixed number of responses
  • produces high rate of responding
  • usually brief pause in responding after each reinforcement
24
Q

Variable ratio (partial reinforcement)

A
  • reinforcement given after a variable number of responses
  • produces highest rate of responding
  • most resistant to extinction
25
Q

Fixed interval (partial reinforcement)

A

-reinforcement is given for the first response after a fixed amount of time
- produces a scalloped patter of responding
(think of like studying for exams)

26
Q

Variable interval (partial reinforcement)

A
  • reinforcement is given for the first response after a variable amount of time
  • produces steady response rate
    (think of pop quiz)
27
Q

When is learning fastest

A

with continuous reinforcement

28
Q

Extinction

A
  • fastest with continuous reinforcement (easy to tell when the reward has stopped)
  • variable schedules are hardest to extinguish (difficult to see when reward has stopped)
  • variable ratio is most resistant to extinction
29
Q

When is rate of responding highest

A

variable ratio

30
Q

What is escape conditioning

A

organism learns a response or behaviour that terminates an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

  • advil for pain
  • sweater on when cold
  • ALWAYS REINFORCEMENT
31
Q

What is avoidance conditioning

A

organism learn a response or behaviour to completely avoid an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

  • putting on a sweater before going to the cold
  • always REINFORCEMNT
32
Q

What is the two factor theory of avoidance?

A
  • says that avoidance is involved in both classical and operant conditioning
  • first we learn through classical cond. FEAR
  • then we learn to avoid the CS through operant cond. (fleeing)
33
Q

What is biological preparedness

A
  • behaviour is influenced by evolution

- organisms are born prewired to learn certain behaviours related to survival

34
Q

Garcia’s experiment

A

rats were put into 2 different groups. one got illness when drinking sweet water, other got electric shock when drinking sweet water. the first group went for the plain water. second group stayed with the sweet water.

  • taste-illness association
  • sight-fear/sound-fear association
35
Q

Behaviourism and learning

A

learning is automatically forming associations between stimuli and responses, there is no thinking processes.
- stimulus- response psych

36
Q

What is a cognitive model

A
  • believe that the organisms mental representation of the world is critical to learning
  • stimulus- organism-response (s-o-r psych)
37
Q

What is insight

A

sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps solve a problem

  • opposite of trial and error
  • wolfgang and the chimps
38
Q

What is a cognitive map

A
  • mental map-like representation of a space

- an ex is the rats choosing the shortcut to the cheese

39
Q

What are the three parts to cognitive perspective

A
  1. organism forms the expectation that CS predicts the UCS
  2. latent learning
  3. self- evaluation
40
Q

What is latent learning

A

learning when not being reinforced

rats finishing maze when finally given the cheese at the end

41
Q

What is the social learning (social-cognitive) theory?

A

emphasizes that people learn by observing the actions of others (model behaviour)

Psych 200 (6 decks)

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