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Psych 200 > Chapter 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psych

A

The scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

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2
Q

What defines scientific study

A

Gathering and evaluating empirical evidence to answer other questions and test ideas of the world.

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3
Q

Define empirical evidence

A

Evidence gained through experience and observation.

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4
Q

The 5 questions associated with critical thinking

A
  1. What is the claim exactly?
  2. Are there other explanations possible/probable?
  3. What empirical tests have been done, what is the quality of tests?
  4. Is the source trustworthy?
  5. What is the evidence and how good is it?
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5
Q

Biopsychology

A

The study of the body as an explanation of behaviour. Hormones, how the brain processes, genes

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6
Q

Developmental psych

A

Examines humans physical, psychological, social development across entire lifespan.

  • how different parenting styles effect children.
  • impulse control.
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7
Q

Experimental psych

A

Brain processes like basic learning, sensations, perception, and motivation to explain behaviour.
- most experiments done on non-humans

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8
Q

Industrial-organization psych

A

Behaviour in the workplace. Job motivation, stress, job satisfaction, etc.

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9
Q

Personality psych

A

Focus on personality traits. Are there core traits?

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10
Q

Social psych

A

How people think of others, how people act around a group vs alone, think/behave towards others.

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11
Q

Cognitive psych

A

Deeper mental processing to explain behaviour. Memory, problem solving, creativity.

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12
Q

Clinical psych

A

the cure of psychological issues. Depression, PTSD.

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13
Q

The 4 goals of psych

A
  1. Describe behaviour
  2. Explain and understand behaviour
  3. Predict behaviour
  4. Influence and control behaviour
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14
Q

Basic science

A

Quest for knowledge solely for its own sake.

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15
Q

Applied science

A

Designed to solve specific, practical problems.

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16
Q

What are the levels of analysis?

A

Biological
Environmental
Psychological

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17
Q

Monism

A

Mind=body

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18
Q

Dualism

A

Mind does not equal body, fundamentally different.

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19
Q

Structuralism & person

A

Mind is studied by looking at the parts instead of the whole.
Wilhelm Wundt

20
Q

Functionalism & person

A

Studying the mind by looking a the whole instead of the parts.
William James

21
Q

Psychodynamic & person

A

Looking at the unconscious level of the mind to understand behaviour. Uses psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Feud

22
Q

Behavioural & person

A

Overt, observable behaviour no thoughts or feelings involved.
John B. Watson (Father of Behaviouralism)

23
Q

Radical Behaviouralism & person

A

Absolutely no thoughts or feelings. “Free will is an illusion.”
B.F Skinner

24
Q

Cognitive behaviouralism & person

A

Deep mental processes to explain behaviour. Thoughts and feelings are involved in this study. Problem solving, creativity, decision making. Learning and our environment govern our behaviour.
Albert Bandura

25
Q

Socio-cultural & people

A

The way cultural background and social presence governs behaviour. Culture- norms, expectations, traditions. Social- how you behave around groups, alone, implied, actual, imagined presence.
Mamie and Kenneth Clark

26
Q

Humanistic & people

A

Being the best version of yourself, free will, personal growth, self-esteem, self-actualization. Directly opposes psychodynamic/behaviouralism.
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

27
Q

Biological & person

A

Genetics, hormones, bodily functions, evolution. Behavioural neuroscience.
Karl Lashley- lesions to the brain

28
Q

5 steps to scientific process

A
  1. Generate hypothesis/prediction- something testable.
  2. Develop method being used (design the study)
  3. Get data
  4. Analyze data, draw conclusion.
  5. Report findings, build body of knowledge.
29
Q

What is a theory

A

Much broader form of information. It explains general, broad range of observations. Generates new predictions and hypothesis. Can never tell the truth/actualize.

30
Q

A good theory has these 3 things

A
  1. Incorporates existing facts and observations into a single, broad framework.
  2. Generates new, testable hypothesis/predictions
  3. Follows Law of Parsimony
31
Q

Operational definition

A

How you are going to test something.

Defines variable in terms of specific procedures used to measure (or produce) it.

32
Q

4 ways to measure variables and the disadvantages

A
  1. Psychological measure (personality test)
    - social desirability bias
  2. Self-report measure or report by others (IQ, questionnaire)
    social desirability bias, interview bias
  3. Physiological measure (heart rate, blood pressure)
    - do not always know what they mean/the link
  4. Measure of overt behaviour (directly observable)
    - observer effect
33
Q

3 ways to do descriptive research

A
  1. Case study (in depth analysis of one person/group of people)
  2. Naturalistic observation (researchers observe in natural environment)
  3. Survey research including questionnaires, interviews,
34
Q

What is a representative sample

A

A representation of the population, reflecting important characteristics.

35
Q

What is random sampling

A

Every member of the population has a chance of being selected.

36
Q

What is stratified random sampling

A

Dividing the population into smaller groups then organized into shared characteristics.

37
Q

What are the two problems with correlations?

A

Directionality problem- uncertain which variable influences the other.
Third variable problem- variables may be caused by another, 3rd variable.

38
Q

Define the experimental method

A

One or more variables is manipulated to determine if it influences the other variables. This is the only method that allows for conclusions of causes.

39
Q

What is between subjects design

A

Some participants exposed to full I.V other in the control group.

40
Q

What is within-subjects design

A

Participants are exposed to all levels of the I.V

50% of the time driving with no phone, 50% of the time driving with phone

41
Q

What is random assignment

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being in control or experimental group. Thing tends to balance out differences.

42
Q

What is counterbalancing

A

The order of conditions is varied.

43
Q

What is internal validity

A

How well the experiment support clear, casual conclusions.

44
Q

What is external validity

A

How well replication of the experiment performs on different types of populations.

45
Q

5 research ethic principals

A
  1. Must protect and promote welfare of participants
  2. Must avoid doing harm to participants
  3. Must not carry out any studies unless probable benefit is greater than risk
  4. Must ensure privacy and confidentiality
  5. Must provide informed consent

Psych 200 (6 decks)

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