Chapter 4 Quiz part 2

Question 1

What are the 3 basic memory processes

Answer 1

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

Question 2

what is encoding

Answer 2

translating info into a neural code that the brain understands
- input process

Question 3

what is storage

Answer 3

retaining information over some period of time

- storage process

Question 4

what is retrieval

Answer 4

• pulling info out of storage

- output process

Question 5

what is the three component model

Answer 5

R. Atkinson and R. Shiffrin

takes into account the 3 basic processes and the fact that we seem to have different types of memory SENSORY MEM, STM, LTM

-functionally different but do not necessarily correspond to specific areas of the brain

Question 6

sensory memory

Answer 6

some sensation that lingers for a minute, after it has ended.
<2 sec

Question 7

what was Sperlings experiment

Answer 7

1. presented array of 12 letters
2. whole report (asking to recall all)
3. partial report (asking to recall certain line) and with tone associated

Question 8

What are the different sensory registers (sensory memory)

Answer 8

• iconic store (visual picture 0.5 sec)

- echoic store (everything just heard about 2 seconds)

Question 9

short-term (working) memory

Answer 9

• some of info from sensory memory goes into STM this is selective attention
• STM What you are currently focused/thinking on/about
• includes things we are trying to learn and things we have remembered
• about 20 seconds (without rehersal)
• George Millers magic number +/-7

Question 10

The different coding for STM

Answer 10

• auditory (phonological) coding
• visual coding
• semantic coding (the meaning)

Question 11

the different rehearsals for STM

Answer 11

• maintenance rehearsal (repeating info over and over)

- elaborative rehearsal (the meaning, relate to things you already know) good for long term retention

Question 12

Why is STM also called working memory

Answer 12

because it is working with information, this can be pulled from LTM to work with it. working with it means anything to think deeply or understand

Question 13

Long-term memory

Answer 13

• library of stored info and memories

- unlimited capacity and duration

Question 14

encoding- levels of processing theory

Answer 14

• deeper processing, better remembering

1. automatic processing
   - unintentional; requires little attention
   - shallow level, poor memory
2. effortful processing
   - intentional, requires attention
   - deep level, strong memory

Question 15

maintenance and elaborative rehearsal & processing theory

Answer 15

maintenance maintains info in STM

elaborative helps transfer into LTM

Question 16

what is chunking

Answer 16

• combining individul pieces into larger units
• chunking helps organize info so it can be unpacked (remembering sayings for first letters to remember the whole thing… betty eats candy

Question 17

what is the dual coding theory

Answer 17

Alan Paivio

• remember things verbally and/or visually
• encoding things both ways is way better than just one

Question 18

what is the method of Loci

Answer 18

• memory technique using visualization

- links item to well known environments/locations

Question 19

Declarative memory LTM

Answer 19

declarative memory is something you can talk about

a) episodic memory ones that it is personally effected you, re-live it
b) semantic memory, everything else like facts or knowledge

Question 20

Procedural memory LTM

Answer 20

memory for skills or actions, cannot really describe it (non declarative)

a) memory for skills (bike)
b) conditioning, classic and operant
- patient H.M

Question 21

explicit memory LTM

Answer 21

conscious or intentional memory about something

a) recognition, deciding whether something looks familiar. multiple choice test
b) recall, you have to remember it all on your own. essays, short answer

Question 22

Implicit memory LTM

Answer 22

when a memory influences behaviour without our conscious awareness. Automatic processing is an example

Question 23

what is the spreading activation theory

Answer 23

assumes LTM is a network of associations

thinking about one thing activates related concepts

Question 24

what are retrieval cues

Answer 24

anything that activates a concept or info sotred in LTM

assumes to work through spreading activation

Question 25

What is the Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve

Answer 25

he conducted a list of nonsense syllables which he memorized then tested himself later.
He foudn out that the rate of forgetting was fast to begin with, then it slowed down

Question 26

What is encoding failure

Answer 26

when the memorization does not work, we do not encode everything we are exposed to
-without effortful processing or elaborative rehearsal. we do not remember things very well.

Question 27

Memory decay theory

Answer 27

during storage, time and disude of certain memories causes them to degrade. like fruit, they go bad over time.
this theory is not well supported, predicts that memories get worse over time

Question 28

What is memory interference

Answer 28

other pieces of info in our memory interfere with our ability to recall something. this is more likely with similar items.

Question 29

What is proactive interference

Answer 29

something learned in the past interferes with something new learned

Question 30

What is retroactive interference

Answer 30

something learned recently interferes with our ability to recall something

Question 31

What is retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

unable to remember a period of time prior to the event associated with loss of consciousness/head trauma

Question 32

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 32

person cannot recall long term memories after the event

• Patient H.M
• rare
• due to damage to hippocampus

Question 33

where is memory stored

Answer 33

all throughout the brain

Question 34

sensory memory anatomy

Answer 34

iconic store-> visual cortex

echoic store-> auditory cortex

Question 35

Working memory anatomy

Answer 35

prefrontal cortex-> complex thought

Question 36

Procedural memory and anatomy

Answer 36

cerebellum is involved in procedural memory