quiz 3 (week 9.2 to 11.2) Flashcards
proactive vs retroactive interference
proactive: old pairing interferes with new; stronger if the old pair has a stronger connection than the new
retroactive: new replaces old; stronger if the old one was learned a long time ago
LTM classification schemes (3)
episodic vs semantic, declarative vs procedural, implicit vs explicit
deep vs shallow processing
deep: meaning-based processing
shallow: form-based processing
hierarchical network model
our knowledge and concept are organized like a hierarchy of categories; concepts related in meaning (semantic memory)
spreading activation
hearing/seeing one word also activates multiple related concepts/words (not always language-related); can spread from one layer to another
classic view of concept and categorization (3)
list of features, binary distinction (belong or not belong to the category), no goodness-of-fit (no good or bad member)
Jessen et al. (2000)
fMRI study of German words; tested concrete vs abstract words; implied that you can mentally “sense” the concrete objects even if the actual object is not presented (imagery)
Cooper and Shepard (1973)
tested mental rotation; task was to identify whether the letter in the testing trial was a normal letter or a mirror image of the letter; had another condition with different cue durations
Pardo-Vasquez and Hernandez-Rey (2012)
tested mental rotation like Cooper and Shepard (1973), except they only tested without cues; found that mental rotation is highly correlated with working memory capacity (related to visual rehearsal)
localization of mental rotation in the brain (2)
parietal lobe, premotor cortex
mental rotation process (4)
(1) encode, (2) indicate the direction of rotation, (3) mentally rotate the shape, (4) match (judge if the rotated result is correct)
Shepard and Metzler (1971)
showed that we can rotate 3D shapes; the larger the rotation angle, the larger the RT
principles of visual imagery (Finke 1989) (5)
implicit encoding of features, perceptual equivalence, spatial equivalence, transformational equivalence (rotation), structural equivalence
fusiform face area (FFA)
the part of the brain specialized for facial recognition; perceptual equivalence in visual imagery
Kosslyn (1983) spatial equivalence
found that the longer the distance in the image, the longer the scanning RT
Kosslyn et al. (1983) structural equivalence
found that the higher the complexity of the verbal description of an object, the slower the RT
moving from low to higher-level cognition (6)
sensory input -> perception -> attention -> memory -> reasoning/problem-solving/decision making -> language
the role of language in our cognition (5)
effective communication, survival (i.e., signaling food resource and danger), socialization, passing down the knowledge, verbalizing emotions and thoughts
Chomsky vs Skinner view on language
Chomsky: nativism, universal grammar, innate language
Skinner: behaviorism, reinforcement and conditioning, stimulus-response, behavioral studies of verbal behavior
lexigrams
symbol-meaning pairings
major features that differentiate human language from animal communication (2)
productivity of utterances, displacement (ability to talk about space and time freely)
linguistic determinism vs linguistic relativism
determinism: the form of our language determines our cognition (stronger)
relativism: different languages generate different cognitive structures; language influences, but does not determine, our cognition (weaker)
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (3)
strong version (determinism): language determines thought and every aspect of our cognition
weaker version (relativism): language affects only perception
weakest version (relativism): the influence of language is “task-dependent”
Pirahã language example
they have only three words for counting (one, two, many); evidence for relativism because the larger the quantity, the larger the error rate