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Bcsc 111 > quiz 1 (week 2.1 to 3.2) > Flashcards

quiz 1 (week 2.1 to 3.2) Flashcards

1
Q

Plato

A

believed that memory storage and retrieval was similar to catching a bird (cannot be successful every time)

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2
Q

structuralism

A

explain mental states by introspection (find out the structure of mental processes); self-report of a set of “mental elements” (mode, quality, intensity, duration)

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3
Q

introspection

A

reflecting upon your past experiences and your current feelings

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4
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge built upon one’s own experiences and senses (learning from experience)

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5
Q

Locke

A

believed in mental association of unrelated ideas based on experiences

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6
Q

functionalism

A

studies why (instead of what) the mind works the way it does (functions of mental operations); studies mental phenomena in real-life settings

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7
Q

ecological approach

A

why we do X in context A; observation in real world; conduct another experiment that stimulates or links to real-world settings

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

opposes the idea of introspection because of the lack of objectivity; views mental phenomena as reducible to behavioral and physiological responses; classical and operant conditioning

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9
Q

John Watson

A

a behaviorist; believed that mental phenomena was reducible to behavioral and physiological responses

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10
Q

classical vs operant conditioning

A

classical: involuntary response to a stimulus; stimulus conditions a response
operant: voluntary response to a stimulus; reward and reinforcement

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11
Q

Chomsky vs Skinner

A

Chomsky: language is innate; reinforcement is not required
Skinner: language is just one type of behavior (verbal behavior), so it can be learned through reinforcement

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12
Q

nativism

A

innateness (innate ability to learn the structure of a language) and generative grammar (rules to generate words, sentences, etc.); pre-wired biological functions

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13
Q

the magic seven (plus or minus two)

A

human short-term memory as a limited-capacity processor

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14
Q

processing vs storage

A

processing: limited capacity
storage: large capacity

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15
Q

experimental method (6)

A

observation, research, hypotheses, experiment design, actual data (d.v.), what influences the data (i.v.)

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16
Q

between-subject vs within-subject vs mixed design

A

between-subject: compare behavior between two groups
within-subject: compare if a person behaves differently in different conditions
mixed: each subject in each group is tested in multiple conditions

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17
Q

confounding variables

A

add “noise” to your data; could be anything associated with your variables; a factor you’re not interested in but you didn’t control for it; either need to be identified and controlled first or be accounted for in the statistical analysis

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18
Q

EEG vs fMRI

A

EEG: scalp recording of electrical activities emitted from neural transmission; can tell us processing time course and convert measures of processing; good temporal resolution (time course) but bad spatial resolution (“when” - but not where or connections between brain regions)
fMRI: functional MRI; BOLD signal; bad temporal resolution (time course) but good spatial resolution (“where” - localization of brain functions and connections between brain regions)

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19
Q

limitations of MRI (2)

A

cost, ferromagnetic devices

20
Q

priming

A

processing of a current input/event is unconsciously influenced by a prior input/event (prime)

21
Q

bottom-up vs top-down/interactive processing

A

bottom-up: visual input -> intermediate level (features) -> long-term memory
top-down/interactive: long-term memory (prior exposure or knowledge) -> intermediate level -> visual input

22
Q

controlled observation

A

non-naturalistic; a combination of experiment and observation (manipulated observation)

23
Q

non-naturalistic vs naturalistic observation

A

non-naturalistic: clinical interviews; could be biased
naturalistic observation: observing natural behaviors; adds ecological validity; lacks experimental control and is time-consuming

24
Q

evolutionary approach

A

looks for the origin and evolution of human intelligence (i.e., natural selection); studies fossil records, etc.

25
Q

white vs grey matter

A

white matter: fatty tissue surrounding nerve fibers; connections between regions; located under gray matter
grey matter: outer layer (cerebral cortex); can be divided into many cortical regions according to its functions

26
Q

faculty psychology

A

mind is a set of independent faculties (or “modules”); mental abilities (viewed as faculties of mind) are independent of each other; each ability/function is associated with a brain region

27
Q

phrenology (Johann Spurzheim)

A

developed from faculty psychology; the size of the brain region (measured on the skill) corresponds to its functions; faculties independent of each other

28
Q

Korbinian Brodmann

A

divided cortical regions based on cellular structures (Brodmann areas)

29
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

30
Q

lateral fissure

A

separates the frontal and temporal lobes

31
Q

lobes of the brain (4)

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

32
Q

frontal lobe (4)

A

Broca’s area, motor control, cognitive control, “self” processing

33
Q

temporal lobe (3)

A

auditory perception, language comprehension, object and face recognition

34
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

35
Q

face recognition (process)

A

occipital lobe transfers to temporal lobe

36
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensations (i.e., how your brain responds to stimuli that look painful)

37
Q

responsible for sensation (2)

A

postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) and posterior parietal cortex

38
Q

corpus collosum

A

connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

39
Q

limbic system (4)

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

40
Q

thalamus

A

relays information to the cerebral cortex

41
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates biological functions (thirst, hunger, desire, temperature control)

42
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

43
Q

amygdala

A

emotion (i.e., fear center)

44
Q

contralateral processing

A

sensorimotor processing; left sensory information is processed by the right brain, and vice versa

45
Q

language region

A

left hemisphere

Bcsc 111 (4 decks)

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