quiz 2 (week 4.1 to 6.1)

Question 1

Broca’s cap

Answer 1

a protrusion near the Broca’s area in both hemispheres; studied through fossil records

Question 2

holistic processing

Answer 2

processing the input in its entirety

Question 3

gestalt (entirety) principles (5)

Answer 3

(1) proximity - grouping by the distance between items
(2) similarity - grouping similarity between items
(3) continuation - when two lines intersect, we choose the “simpler” interpretation (each line continues after the intersection point) instead of two odd shapes
(4) closure - perceptually “fill in” the missing parts
(5) common fate - items moving in the same direction are grouped together

Question 4

typical perception route (3)

Answer 4

distal stimulus (real object) –> proximal stimulus (object processed through visual cortex) –> percept (object interpreted through temporal cortex)

Question 5

prototype

Answer 5

match the input with a pre-stored “prototype” (representative of the category)

Question 6

exemplar

Answer 6

match the input with each stored instance in memory (if never seen before); each input stored as a memory trace

Question 7

feature analysis

Answer 7

use certain distinctive features of the input for recognition

Question 8

Posner and Keele (1968)

Answer 8

evidence for prototype; presented distorted dot patterns

Question 9

issues with the exemplar model (3)

Answer 9

memory capacity, novel objects, determination of recognition threshold

Question 10

feature analysis

Answer 10

use certain distinctive features to recognize an object or event

Question 11

single object feature analysis approach

Answer 11

features instead of the whole unit used for recognition; decompose an object into “geons” (the building block of any object)

Question 12

search latency

Answer 12

the time needed to find a target in the visual search task; positively correlated with the similarity between the target and the distractors

Question 13

bottom-up (3) vs top-down (3)

Answer 13

bottom-up: prototype, exemplar, feature analysis
top-down: prior familiarity about the input, expectations, context effect (word superiority effect)

Question 14

word superiority effect

Answer 14

in letter recognition task; faster letter identification when presented in a real word

Question 15

selective attention

Answer 15

focus our attention on a very limited events/objects/tasks; for efficient processing

Question 16

theories of attention (4)

Answer 16

filter, attenuation, spotlight, schema

Question 17

filter theory of attention

Answer 17

irrelevant information is filtered out; bottleneck; limited capacity to process information

Question 18

dichotic listening task (DLT)

Answer 18

sounds played in both ears; participants repeat what they heard (from either ear) - “shadowing”

Question 19

cocktail party effect

Answer 19

when you hear something important you still notice it

Question 20

attenuation theory

Answer 20

unattended message is “tuned down”; less resources allocated; some information might still be processed

Question 21

spotlight approach

Answer 21

perceive everything but actively cast a “spotlight” on the target; things on the edge of the spotlight can still be processed

Question 22

schema (theory)

Answer 22

only take what you need; everything else untouched (not even entering the processing pipelines); assumes everything you don’t need was not even perceived at the very beginning

Question 23

change blindness

Answer 23

selective attention; do not notice when things around you change

Question 24

automatic processing (3)

Answer 24

processing occurs without intention; without conscious awareness; not interfering with other mental activity; requires very little effort to process

Question 25

controlled processing

Answer 25

actively shift your attention from one thing to another; requires careful control of your selective attention