Quiz 3 Material

Question 1

What is the cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

Answer 1

a deficiency or absence of surfactant in infants

Question 2

What is the purpose of surfactant?

Answer 2

to decrease surface tension of the alveoli

Question 3

What is the mechansim by which congential diaphragmatic herniations can cause pulmonary hypoplasia?

Answer 3

Herniation of abdominal contents into the pleural space reduces the area useable by the developing lungs

Question 4

What structure separates the foregut from the developing laryngotracheal tube?

Answer 4

the tracheoesophageal septum

Question 5

During what period of lung maturation does the blood-air barrier begin to form? At roughly how many weeks does this occur?

Answer 5

The Terminac Sac period; at least 24 weeks in

Question 6

What is the most common cause of Potter’s syndrome?

Answer 6

prolonged oligohydramnios

Question 7

What are the signs/symptoms of Potter’s syndrome?

Answer 7

Lung hypoplasia, facial abnormalities (large interocular distance), floppy ears, flat nose, and spade-like hands

Question 8

What is the embryological origin of the laryngeal cartilage?

Answer 8

neural crest cells

Question 9

What are the three factors critical for normal lung development?

Answer 9

sufficient amniotic fluid, adequate volume of thoracic cavity, and normal fetal breathing movements

Question 10

Aspirated foreign bodies are likely to end up in what part of the lung?

Answer 10

the right mainstem bronchus

Question 11

What letter is used to represent ventillation in the lung?

Answer 11

V

Question 12

What letter is used to represent perfusion in the lung?

Answer 12

Q

Question 13

The main stimulus for humans to breathe is due to PaCO2 receptors where in the body?

Answer 13

the medulla

Question 14

Where is low PaO2 sensed in the body?

Answer 14

the carotid sinus

Question 15

Reducing alveolar surface tension makes the lungs more or less compliant?

Answer 15

more compliant

Question 16

What kind of pressure is the driving force for the formation of the initial filtrate in the glomerulus?

Answer 16

blood pressure

Question 17

In what part of the nephron does the Na/K/ATPase pump Na+ from the filtrate into the medulla?

Answer 17

the TAL (thick ascending limb)

Question 18

What is the purpose of the countercurrent exchange system in the kidney?

Answer 18

to maintain the high salt concentration in the ECF of the medulla

Question 19

What response is elicited by the macula densa upon sensing a high NaCl concentration in the filtrate?

Answer 19

constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 20

What role do PCT cells have in the formation of Vitamin D?

Answer 20

The have the final step in synthesizing Vitamin D2 and D3

Question 21

Why would you not expect to find lymphatics in the renal medulla?

Answer 21

Lymphatics would allow the high concentration of salt to escape

Question 22

What is the role of principal cells in the nephron?

Answer 22

Reabsorbtion of sodium and secretion of potassium through ENaC

Question 23

The ureteric bud is a diverticulum off of which structure?

Answer 23

the mesonephric duct

Question 24

What does the ureteric bud give rise to?

Answer 24

the collecting duct, papillary ducts, minor and major renal calyces, the renal pelvis, and the ureter

Question 25

The mesonephric cap is responsible for the development of which structures in the nephron?

Answer 25

Bowman’s capsule through the DCT

Question 26

Failure of one kidney’s ureteropelvic junction to recanalize would lead to what main problem?

Answer 26

unilateral hydronephrosis

Question 27

What embryological structure are nephron podocytes derived from?

Answer 27

the metanephric blastema

Question 28

What is the embryological origin of the metanephric blastema?

Answer 28

intermediate mesoderm

Question 29

The trigone on the posterior wall of the bladder is formed by incorporating what structures?

Answer 29

the lower end of the mesonephric ducts

Question 30

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate the kidneys arise from which spinal cord levels?

Answer 30

T10-T12

Question 31

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate the ureters arise from which spinal cord levels?

Answer 31

T10-L2

Question 32

Does increased osmolarity reflect a more concentrated or dilute liquid?

Answer 32

More concentrated

Question 33

Does decreased osmolarity reflect a more concentrated or dilute liquid?

Answer 33

More dilute

Question 34

What type of renal cells produce renin?

Answer 34

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 35

With injury to a phrenic nerve resulting in a hemidoaphragm, which side will be elevated?

Answer 35

the side with the disrupted innervation

Question 36

How can serum bicarbonate help combat metabolic acidosis?

Answer 36

a small increase in protein buffering

Question 37

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 37

Pressure (P) varies inversely with volume (V)

Question 38

What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?

Answer 38

Activation of AQP2 -> H2O reabsorption

Question 39

What effect does Aldosterone have on the collecting ducts?

Answer 39

Activaiton of ENaC -> Na+ reabsorption

Question 40

What are the three factors necessary for fetal development? Name one potential anomaly that may occur in each area?

Answer 40

Fetal breathing movements
- CNS issues

Adequate amniotic fluid
-kidney agenesis

Thoracic space
-congenital diaphragmatic hernia