Quiz 3 Material Flashcards
What is the cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
a deficiency or absence of surfactant in infants
What is the purpose of surfactant?
to decrease surface tension of the alveoli
What is the mechansim by which congential diaphragmatic herniations can cause pulmonary hypoplasia?
Herniation of abdominal contents into the pleural space reduces the area useable by the developing lungs
What structure separates the foregut from the developing laryngotracheal tube?
the tracheoesophageal septum
During what period of lung maturation does the blood-air barrier begin to form? At roughly how many weeks does this occur?
The Terminac Sac period; at least 24 weeks in
What is the most common cause of Potter’s syndrome?
prolonged oligohydramnios
What are the signs/symptoms of Potter’s syndrome?
Lung hypoplasia, facial abnormalities (large interocular distance), floppy ears, flat nose, and spade-like hands
What is the embryological origin of the laryngeal cartilage?
neural crest cells
What are the three factors critical for normal lung development?
sufficient amniotic fluid, adequate volume of thoracic cavity, and normal fetal breathing movements
Aspirated foreign bodies are likely to end up in what part of the lung?
the right mainstem bronchus
What letter is used to represent ventillation in the lung?
V
What letter is used to represent perfusion in the lung?
Q
The main stimulus for humans to breathe is due to PaCO2 receptors where in the body?
the medulla
Where is low PaO2 sensed in the body?
the carotid sinus
Reducing alveolar surface tension makes the lungs more or less compliant?
more compliant
What kind of pressure is the driving force for the formation of the initial filtrate in the glomerulus?
blood pressure
In what part of the nephron does the Na/K/ATPase pump Na+ from the filtrate into the medulla?
the TAL (thick ascending limb)
What is the purpose of the countercurrent exchange system in the kidney?
to maintain the high salt concentration in the ECF of the medulla
What response is elicited by the macula densa upon sensing a high NaCl concentration in the filtrate?
constriction of the afferent arteriole
What role do PCT cells have in the formation of Vitamin D?
The have the final step in synthesizing Vitamin D2 and D3
Why would you not expect to find lymphatics in the renal medulla?
Lymphatics would allow the high concentration of salt to escape
What is the role of principal cells in the nephron?
Reabsorbtion of sodium and secretion of potassium through ENaC
The ureteric bud is a diverticulum off of which structure?
the mesonephric duct
What does the ureteric bud give rise to?
the collecting duct, papillary ducts, minor and major renal calyces, the renal pelvis, and the ureter
The mesonephric cap is responsible for the development of which structures in the nephron?
Bowman’s capsule through the DCT
Failure of one kidney’s ureteropelvic junction to recanalize would lead to what main problem?
unilateral hydronephrosis
What embryological structure are nephron podocytes derived from?
the metanephric blastema
What is the embryological origin of the metanephric blastema?
intermediate mesoderm
The trigone on the posterior wall of the bladder is formed by incorporating what structures?
the lower end of the mesonephric ducts
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate the kidneys arise from which spinal cord levels?
T10-T12
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate the ureters arise from which spinal cord levels?
T10-L2
Does increased osmolarity reflect a more concentrated or dilute liquid?
More concentrated
Does decreased osmolarity reflect a more concentrated or dilute liquid?
More dilute
What type of renal cells produce renin?
juxtaglomerular cells
With injury to a phrenic nerve resulting in a hemidoaphragm, which side will be elevated?
the side with the disrupted innervation
How can serum bicarbonate help combat metabolic acidosis?
a small increase in protein buffering
What is Boyle’s law?
Pressure (P) varies inversely with volume (V)
What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?
Activation of AQP2 -> H2O reabsorption
What effect does Aldosterone have on the collecting ducts?
Activaiton of ENaC -> Na+ reabsorption
What are the three factors necessary for fetal development? Name one potential anomaly that may occur in each area?
Fetal breathing movements
- CNS issues
Adequate amniotic fluid
-kidney agenesis
Thoracic space
-congenital diaphragmatic hernia
