Quiz 2 Material Flashcards
The elastic lamellae of the tunica media are produced by what type of cell?
Smooth muscle cells
While pericytes exercise control over capillary diameter, what structure has the controlling input?
Metarterioles
The tunica adventitia in both arteries and veins is a connective tissue composed of mainly what fibers?
Collagen fibers
The membranous portion of the interventricular septum consists of what two structures?
The endocardial cushions and the aorticopulmonary septum
Cardiac neural crest cells contribute significantly to what part of heart folding?
Division of the outflow tract
Which vessels exist in the umbilical cord?
2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein
The closure of which valves contribute to the S2 heart sound?
The semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)
Which valves of the heart are attached to chordae tendinae?
The tricuspid and mitral valves
Where do visceral afferent neurons responsible for the heart synapse?
The dorsal horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-T4
What is an abnormal corrected QT interval in men and women?
Men: greater than 450 ms
Women: greater than 470 ms
Hereditary spherocytosis can be caused by RBC defects in what areas?
Ankyrin, spectrin, and/or Band3 protein
What is responsible for postsynaptic sympathetic innervation of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
The cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve
How much yellow marrow do infants have at birth?
None; all red marrow
What part of the primitive heart tube is termed the outflow tract?
The truncus arteriosus
During atrial partitioning the foramen secundum forms in the wall of what structure?
The septum primum
What does the endocardial cushion give rise to?
Atrial septation, membranous portion of the intraventricular septum, and left and right atrioventricular canals and valves
What is the role of neural crest cells in outflow tract partitioning?
Migration to create bulbar ridges to form spiral septum
Ventricular and outflow tract partitioning is completed when what event occurs?
The aorticopulmonary septum meets the interventricular septum
What is the round ligament of the liver?
The adult derivative of the umbilical vein
What are the two main effects of atrial natriuretic peptide?
To increase sodium excretion in the urine and to cause vasodilation in order to reduce blood pressure
What occurs during phase 4 of an AP for pacemaker cells?
What occurs during phase 0 of an AP for a pacemaker cell?
What occurs during phase 3 of an AP for pacemaker cells?
What occurs during phase 0 of the myocardial AP?
Rapid depolarization due to INa opening
What occurs during phase 1 of the myocardial AP?
Transient K+ channels AKA ITO
What occurs during phase 2 of the myocardial AP?
What occurs during phase 3 of the myocardial AP?
Delayed rectifier K+ channels AKA IK1
What occurs during phase 4 of the myocardial AP?
K+ leak AKA Ik1
In the case of myelofibrosis, which organs can participate in extramedullary hematopoeisis?
the liver and spleen
You would expect to see 100% cellularity of bone marrows in what age group?
newborns
When a GTPase hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, is the GTPase activated or inactivated?
inactivated
Would failure to surgically correct a patent ductus arteriosus result in an increase or decrease in pulmonary blood flow?
an increase in pulmonary blood flow
What is one of the most prominent problems as a result of a cardiac tamponade?
Impaired ventricular filling during diastole
In what area of the cardiac axis can deviation still be considered in the normal range?
-30 to 90 degrees
What are the steps to finding the correct cardiac axis?
What are additional steps that can be taken to specify the degrees of a cardiac axis?
How do you identify LVH on an EKG?
How would ischemia manifest on an EKG?
T-wave inversion
How would subendocardial injury manifest on an EKG?
ST segment depression (NSTEMI)
How would a transmural injury manifest on an EKG?
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
What two vitamins are critical for DNA synthesis in RBC precursors?
Vitamin B9 (folate) and Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
What is osteogenesis imperfecta caused by?
Defects in procollagen 1 fibers
What is the dominant negative effect in genetics?
A product of a mutated gene affects or interferes with non-mutated normal gene products
In Marfan syndrome, do missense or nonsense mutations have a more severe effect?
missense mutations due to the dominant negative effect
What is locus heterogeneity?
The ability of mutations in different genes to cause the same disease phenotype
What are signs/symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta?
decreased bone density, bowing bones, bone fractures, and blue sclerae
What information in an EKG can suggest RVH?
In lead V1 R>S OR
In lead V6 S>R
How is Cardiac output calculated?
CO = HR x SV
How is mean arterial pressure calculated?
MAP = ((2 x DP) + SP) / 3
How is total peripheral resistance calculated?
TPR = MAP / CO
Where are continous capillaries found in the body?
skin, muscle, lungs, CNS
Where are fenestrated capillaries found in the body?
renal glomeruli, endocrine glands, intestinal mucosa
Where are sinusoidal capillaries found in the body?
liver, spleen, and bone
What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure during filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure > Oncotic pressure
What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure during absorption?
Oncotic pressure > Hydrostatic pressure
Which immune cell contains NADPH oxidase?
neutrophils
What are the dark granules in a neutrophil called? What do they indicate?
Toxic granulations; they indicate activation of the neutrophil
In what organ is erythropoeitin made?
the kidneys
In what organ is thrombopoeitin made?
the liver
In hypoxic conditions what occurs in yellow bone marrow?
It can revert back to red bone marrow
Stress on the immune system such as infection can cause an increase in immature leukocytes released into the blood stream. What is this called?
Left-shift
What acronym can be used for the Erythrocyte developmental series? What does it stand for? After what point are precursor cells no longer mitotic?
PB & PORK
What acronym can be used for the Granulocyte developmental series? What does it stand for? After what point are precursor cells no longer mitotic?
MPM-MBM
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Meta-myelocyte
Band form
Mature form
What are the 5 regions of the primitive heart tube?
How many seconds is a ‘big’ box on an ECG? How about a ‘little’ box?
What plane are the precordial heart leads set in?
What is the best indicator of RVH on an ECG?
What are two possible indicators of a myocardial infarction?
A Q or T wave inversion on ECG
What are the 5 basic items to evaluate on an ECG?
What areas of the body are drained by the thoracic lymphatic duct?
All but the right upper extremity and right side of the head
Can female heterozygotes sometimes express X-linked recessive traits? How?
Yes, because X-linked inactivation can lead to moasaic somatic expression
What are the ABCs of CXRs?
A- Airway
B- Bones/Breast shadow
C- Cardiac silhouette
D- Diaphragm
E- Effusions
F- Fields
G- Gastric
H- Hilum
I- Indwelling catheters
Why does a patent ductus arteriosus result in long-term increased pulmonary blood flow?
The aortic pressure is higher than the pressure in the pulmonary arteries, causing backflow of additional blood
