Quiz 3 Key Terms Flashcards
parens patriae
originated in the english chancery courts; this practice gives the state custody of children in cases where the child has no parents or the parents are deemed unfit care providers
age-of-consent campaign
a campaign designed to protect young women from men who preyed on the innocence of girls by raising the age of sexual consent to 16 or 18 in all states by 1920
juvenile deliquency
the repeated offending of crimes by young children and adolescents
net-widening
refers to the practice whereby programs such as diversion were developed to inhibit the introduction of youth into the juvenile justice system; however, these programs expanded the reach of the juvenile court and increased the number of youth under the general reach of the system, both formally and informally
scaling up
the relationship between the number of official arrests and to the number of self-reported acts of crime
formal processing
a petition is filed requesting a court hearing, which can initiate the designation of being labeled a deliquent
upcharging
the practice of charging behaviors that were once considered status offenses as misdemeanors
status offenses
noncriminal behaviors such as running away, immorality, truancy, and indecent conduct that are prohibited because of the offenders status as a minor; status offenses cause youth to come under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court
Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974
provides funding for state and local government to help decrease the number of juvenile delinquents and to help provide community and rehab programs to offenders
bootstrapping
the modern day practice of institutionalizing girls for status offenses
Reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1992
acknowledged the need to provide gender-specific services to address the unique needs of female offenders
risk factors for female delinquency
factors including a poor family relationship, a history of abuse, poor school performance, negative peer relations, and issues with substance abuse
resiliency
AKA: protective factors; these can enable female victims and female offenders to succeed
gender-specific programming
must be able to address the wide variety of needs of the delinquent girl; efforts by Congress have been made to allocate the resources necessary for analyzing, planning and implementing these services
street prostitution
an illegal form of prostitution that takes place in public places
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
may develop after a person experiences a traumatic life event; can include flashbacks, avoidance of emotional contexts, and recurring nightmares and may inhibit normal daily functioning abilities
walking the line
gang initiation process for girls in which they are subjected to assault by their fellow gang members
pulling a train
AKA sexed in; example of the gang initiation process that requires sexual assault by multiple male members
filicide
the homicide of children older than one year of age by their parent
neonaticide
an act of homicide of an infant during the first 24 hours after the birth of a child
infanticide
an act in which a parent kills his or her child within the first year
altruistic
one explanation for infanticide in which the mother believes that it is in the best interest of her child to be dead and that he mother is doing a good thing by killing her child
chivalry hypothesis
instances in which women receive preferential treatment by the justice system
evil woman hypothesis
women are punished not only for violating the law, but also for breaking the socialized norms of gender-role expectations
judicial paternalism
suggests that treating women with leniency in sentencing occurs as a result of judges using their role to protect young women
sentencing guidelines
created in conjunction with the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984; the only factors to be considered in imposing a sentence were offenses committed, the presence of aggravating or mitigating circumstances, and the criminal history of the offender
legal factors
factors that have an impact on the decision-making process for both males and females in different ways; they vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and they can range from criminal history to offense severity
extralegal factors
can include the type of attorney (private or public), which can significantly affect the likelihood of pretrial release for women
