Quiz 3 Key Terms

Question 1

parens patriae

Answer 1

originated in the english chancery courts; this practice gives the state custody of children in cases where the child has no parents or the parents are deemed unfit care providers

Question 2

age-of-consent campaign

Answer 2

a campaign designed to protect young women from men who preyed on the innocence of girls by raising the age of sexual consent to 16 or 18 in all states by 1920

Question 3

juvenile deliquency

Answer 3

the repeated offending of crimes by young children and adolescents

Question 4

net-widening

Answer 4

refers to the practice whereby programs such as diversion were developed to inhibit the introduction of youth into the juvenile justice system; however, these programs expanded the reach of the juvenile court and increased the number of youth under the general reach of the system, both formally and informally

Question 5

scaling up

Answer 5

the relationship between the number of official arrests and to the number of self-reported acts of crime

Question 6

formal processing

Answer 6

a petition is filed requesting a court hearing, which can initiate the designation of being labeled a deliquent

Question 7

upcharging

Answer 7

the practice of charging behaviors that were once considered status offenses as misdemeanors

Question 8

status offenses

Answer 8

noncriminal behaviors such as running away, immorality, truancy, and indecent conduct that are prohibited because of the offenders status as a minor; status offenses cause youth to come under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court

Question 9

Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

Answer 9

provides funding for state and local government to help decrease the number of juvenile delinquents and to help provide community and rehab programs to offenders

Question 10

bootstrapping

Answer 10

the modern day practice of institutionalizing girls for status offenses

Question 11

Reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1992

Answer 11

acknowledged the need to provide gender-specific services to address the unique needs of female offenders

Question 12

risk factors for female delinquency

Answer 12

factors including a poor family relationship, a history of abuse, poor school performance, negative peer relations, and issues with substance abuse

Question 13

resiliency

Answer 13

AKA: protective factors; these can enable female victims and female offenders to succeed

Question 14

gender-specific programming

Answer 14

must be able to address the wide variety of needs of the delinquent girl; efforts by Congress have been made to allocate the resources necessary for analyzing, planning and implementing these services

Question 15

street prostitution

Answer 15

an illegal form of prostitution that takes place in public places

Question 16

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 16

may develop after a person experiences a traumatic life event; can include flashbacks, avoidance of emotional contexts, and recurring nightmares and may inhibit normal daily functioning abilities

Question 17

walking the line

Answer 17

gang initiation process for girls in which they are subjected to assault by their fellow gang members

Question 18

pulling a train

Answer 18

AKA sexed in; example of the gang initiation process that requires sexual assault by multiple male members

Question 19

filicide

Answer 19

the homicide of children older than one year of age by their parent

Question 20

neonaticide

Answer 20

an act of homicide of an infant during the first 24 hours after the birth of a child

Question 21

infanticide

Answer 21

an act in which a parent kills his or her child within the first year

Question 22

altruistic

Answer 22

one explanation for infanticide in which the mother believes that it is in the best interest of her child to be dead and that he mother is doing a good thing by killing her child

Question 23

chivalry hypothesis

Answer 23

instances in which women receive preferential treatment by the justice system

Question 24

evil woman hypothesis

Answer 24

women are punished not only for violating the law, but also for breaking the socialized norms of gender-role expectations

Question 25

judicial paternalism

Answer 25

suggests that treating women with leniency in sentencing occurs as a result of judges using their role to protect young women

Question 26

sentencing guidelines

Answer 26

created in conjunction with the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984; the only factors to be considered in imposing a sentence were offenses committed, the presence of aggravating or mitigating circumstances, and the criminal history of the offender

Question 27

legal factors

Answer 27

factors that have an impact on the decision-making process for both males and females in different ways; they vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and they can range from criminal history to offense severity

Question 28

extralegal factors

Answer 28

can include the type of attorney (private or public), which can significantly affect the likelihood of pretrial release for women