Key Terms

Question 1

gendered justice

Answer 1

(AKA injustice); discrimination against individuals based on their gender; often seen in the criminal justice system where female needs and unique experiences go unmet because of the fact that the theories of offending have come from the male perspective

Question 2

feminism

Answer 2

a series of social and political movements (also referred to as the three waves of feminism) that advocates for women’s rights and gender inequality
Recognize that gender inequalities exist in society and value change that enhances gender equality
-“The struggle to end sexist oppression”
-Myths about feminism
-Feminism lacks objectivity
-Feminist analysis narrowly focuses on women
-There is only one feminist perspective
-Feminists think men are bad and women are good.

Question 3

feminist criminology

Answer 3

developed as a reaction against traditional criminology, which failed to address women and girls in research; reflects several of the themes of gender roles and socialization that resulted from the second wave of feminism

exploratory versus hypothesis testing, quantitative versus qualitative, and so on

Question 4

gender gap

Answer 4

refers to the differences in male and female offending for different types of offenses

Question 5

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Answer 5

an annual collection of reported crime data from police departments; compiled by the FBI

Question 6

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Answer 6

an incident-based system of crimes reported to police; system administered by FBI as part of the annual UCR

Question 7

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Answer 7

Largest victimization study conducted in US; gathers additional data about crimes to help fill in the gaps between reported and unreported crime (dark figure of crime)

Question 8

dark figure of crime

Answer 8

(unreported crime); crimes that are not reported to police and therefore are not reported in official crime stats such as the UCR and NIBRS

Question 9

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS)

Answer 9

an annual survey by the CDC designed to measure the prevalence of intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking

Question 10

National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS)

Answer 10

(a telephone survey of 8,000 men and 8,000 women in the US (English and Spanish speaking) that was conducted by the Centers for Policy Research to measure the prevalence of violence against women

Question 11

core rights of victims

Answer 11

the following core rights have been founded in many state constitutions: right to attend, right to compensation, right to be heard, right to be informed, right to protection, right to restitution, right to return of property, right to a speedy trial, and right to enforcements; core rights vary by jurisdiction

Question 12

victim blaming

Answer 12

shifting the blame of rape from the offender to the victim; by doing so, the confrontation of the realities of victimization are avoided

Question 13

fear of victimization

Answer 13

a gendered experience where women experience higher rates of fear of crime compared to males. The idea is based on the distorted portrayal of the criminal justice system in the media

Question 14

secondary victimization

Answer 14

the idea that victims become more traumatized after the primary victimization; it can stem from victim blaming or from the process of collecting evidence (physical or testimonial)

Question 15

rape myth acceptance

Answer 15

false beliefs that are seen as justifiable causes for sexual aggression against women

Question 16

just world hypothesis

Answer 16

society has a need to believe that people deserve whatever comes to them; this paradigm is linked to patterns of victim blaming

Question 17

routine activities theory

Answer 17

created to discuss the risk of victimization in property crimes; it suggests that the likelihood of a criminal act or the likelihood of victimization occurs when an offender, a potential victim, and the absence of a guardian that would deter said offender from making contact with the victim are combined

Question 18

lifestyles theory

Answer 18

developed to explore the risks of victimization from personal crimes and seeks to relate patterns of one’s everyday activities to the potential for victimization

Question 19

feminist pathways perspective

Answer 19

provides some of the best understanding of how women find themselves stuck in a cycle that begins with victimization and leads to offending

Question 20

cycle of victimization and offending

Answer 20

explains how young girls often run away from home in an attempt to escape from an abusive relationship themselves

Question 21

rape

Answer 21

sexual intercourse under force, threat of force, or without legal consent of the individual; in many jurisdictions the term ‘rape’ specifically applies to cases of penile-vaginal forced intercourse

Question 22

sexual assault

Answer 22

often used as an umbrella term for all forms of unwanted sexual activity other rape, sexual assault includes acts such as penetration other than vaginal-penile penetration, penetration by objects, sodomy, forced oral copulation, sexual touching, and other lewd acts

Question 23

same-sex sexual assault

Answer 23

often refers to male-on-male assault because of the limited research on women-on-women sexual violence

Question 24

stranger rape

Answer 24

the perpetrator is unknown to the victim and is usually associated with a lack of safety, such as walking home at night or not locking the door

Question 25

acquaintance rape

Answer 25

rape in which the victim knows the perpetrator; it usually accounts for the majority of rape and sexual assault cases

Question 26

symbolic assailant

Answer 26

a perpetrator, often of minority ethnicity, who hides in dark shadows awaiting the abductions, rape, or murder of unknown innocents; he or she attacks at random, in unprovoked, and is difficult to apprehend

Question 27

drug-facilitated rape

Answer 27

an unwanted sexual act that occurs following the deliberate intoxication of a victim with alcohol or drugs

Question 28

incapacitated rape

Answer 28

an unwanted sexual advance that occurs after a victim voluntary consumes drugs or alcohol

Question 29

spousal rape

Answer 29

involves emotional coercion or physical force against a spouse to achieve non-consensual intercourse, it can often lead to domestic violence

Question 30

campus sexual assault

Answer 30

refers to acts of rape and sexual assault that occur during the collegiate experience, can involve, but is not limited to, crimes that occur on a college campus

Question 31

statutory rape

Answer 31

sexual activity that is unlawful because it is prohibited by statute or code; it generally involves someone who is not of legal age to give consent

Question 32

restorative justice

Answer 32

an alternative model of justice that provides increased opportunities for victims to have a voice in the criminal justice process