Quiz 2 Key Terms

Question 1

battered women’s movement

Answer 1

shelters and counseling programs established throughout the US to help women in need as a result of the feminist movements in the 60s and 70s; led to systemic changes in how the police and courts handle cases of domestic violence.

Question 2

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE)

Answer 2

helped show the decrease in recidivism rates when an actual arrest was made in misdemeanor domestic violence incidents, in comparison to when a police officer just counseled the aggressor

Question 3

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

Answer 3

passed in 1994, this federal law provides funding for training and research on intimate partner abuse as well as sets forth policies for restitution and civil redress; established the Office on Violence Against Women within the Department of Justice; provided funding for battered women’s shelters and outreach programs, funding for domestic violence training for police and court personnel, and the opportunity for victims to sue for civil damages as a result of violent acts perpetuated against them

Question 4

intimate partner abuse (IPA)

Answer 4

abuse that occurs between individuals who currently have, or have previously had, and intimate relationship

Question 5

emotional abuse

Answer 5

refers to acts of IPA that involve tolls of emotional or psychological control rather than physical

Question 6

economic abuse

Answer 6

refers to acts of IPA that involve control over personal finances; such as denial of money or prohibitions on work

Question 7

cycle of violence

Answer 7

conceptualized by Lenore Walker in 1979 to help explain how perpetrators of IPA maintain control over their victims overtime. The cycle is made up of three distinct time frames: tension building, the abusive incident, and the honeymoon period

Question 8

dating violence

Answer 8

IPA in relationships where people are unmarried and may or may not be living together; violence that occurs between two people who are unmarried; teenagers are seen as the most at risk population

Question 9

same-sex intimate partner abuse

Answer 9

IPA that occurs in same sex relationships. Research is significantly limited on this issue and many victims fear reporting these or seeking help because of concerns of being ‘outed’ or concerns about homophobia

Question 10

identity abuse

Answer 10

tactics that use systemic oppressions such as heterosexism, external homophobia, or internal homophobia as a form of power and control in cases of IPA

Question 11

restraining order

Answer 11

available in every jurisdiction; designed to provide the victim with the opportunity to separate from the batterer and prohibit the batter from contacting the victim

Question 12

discretionary arrest

Answer 12

police officers have the option to arrest or not arrest the offender based on their free choice within the context of their professional judgement

Question 13

mandatory arrest

Answer 13

surfacing during the 80s and 90s with the intention to stop domestic violence by deterring offenders. It clarified the roles of police officers when dealing with domestic violence calls and removed the responsibility of arrest from the victim

Question 14

no-drop policies

Answer 14

developed in response to a victim’s lack of participation in the prosecution of her batterer; these policies have led to the disempowering of victims

Question 15

stalking

Answer 15

a course of conduct directed at a reasonable person that could cause them to feel fearful; includes acts such as unwanted phone calls or messages, being followed or spied on, and making unannounced visits

Question 16

harassment

Answer 16

acts that are indicative of stalking behaviors but do not ignite feelings of fear in the victim

Question 17

cyberstalking

Answer 17

incidents of stalking that use electronic forms of technology such as email, text, GPS, and the internet

Question 18

femicide

Answer 18

the killing of a woman based on gender discrimination; the murders often involve sexual torture and body mutilation

Question 19

human trafficking

Answer 19

the exploitation and forced labor of individuals for the purposes of prostitution, domestic servitude and other forms of involuntary servitude in agricultural and factory industries

Question 20

labor trafficking

Answer 20

the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery

Question 21

debt bondage

Answer 21

a form of forced labor trafficking that requires victims to pay off debt through labor

Question 22

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000

Answer 22

designed to punish traffickers, protect victims, and facilitate prevention efforts in the community to fight against human trafficking

Question 23

T-Visa

Answer 23

Visas approved by the US for victims; the T-Visa is issued for human trafficking victims

Question 24

jail the offender and protect the victim models

Answer 24

prioritization is given to the prosecution of offenders over the needs of victims; however, these models are widely criticized due to their limitations and inability to deter individuals from participating in the offenses

Question 25

workplace sexual harassment

Answer 25

a form of sexual harassment and discrimination that occurs in the workplace; behaviors include offensive jokes, physical or verbal threats, or unwanted sexual attention or advances as a result of the victim’s sex or gender

Question 26

sexual harassment

Answer 26

a form of harassment that involves explicit or implicit sexual references of a verbal or physical nature

Question 27

gender based harassment

Answer 27

harassment based on one’s gender or gender identity

Question 28

quid pro quo

Answer 28

a Latin word that refers to the exchange of items, such as goods and services. In cases of sexual discrimination, it occurs when and employer threatens the work status of an employee if they do not submit to the employers sexual demand; translates to “this for that”

Question 29

hostile work environment

Answer 29

a form of employment discrimination that involves conduct in a work environment that is considered abusive, hostile, or intimidating, and that is based on a person’s protected identity (race, sex, gender, age, religion, national origin, disability, or caste)

Question 30

housing related harassment

Answer 30

a form of sexual discrimination that involves unwanted sexual attention or advances related to the securing or maintaining of housing or housing-related services

Question 31

Title IX

Answer 31

part of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits sex discrimination in any school or educational program that receives federal funding

Question 32

missing and murdered indigenous women

Answer 32

the violence and femicide against indigenous and First Nations women

Question 33

honor-based violence

Answer 33

murders that are executed by a male family member and are a response to a belief that the women has offended a family’s honor and has brought shame to the family.

Question 34

masked criminality of women

Answer 34

Otto Pollack’s theory that suggested women gain power by deceiving men through sexual playacting, faced sexual responses, and menstruation

Question 35

attachment

Answer 35

the bond people have with the values of society as a result of their relationships with family, friends, and social institutions

Question 36

commitment

Answer 36

the investment that an individual has in the normative values of society

Question 37

involvement

Answer 37

ones level of participation in conventional activities such as studying, playing sports, or participating in extracurricular activities

Question 38

belief

Answer 38

a general acceptance of society’s rules

Question 39

social bond theory

Answer 39

focused on four criteria, or bonds, which prevent people from acting on potential criminological impulses or desires; Travis Hirschi identified these bonds as attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief

Question 40

differential association theory

Answer 40

focus on the influence that one’s social relationships have in encouraging delinquent behavior; this theory also incorporated various characteristics of the social learning theory, suggesting that criminality is a learned behavior

Question 41

power control theory

Answer 41

looks at the effects of patriarchy within the family unit as a tool of socialization for gender roles

Question 42

life course theory

Answer 42

examines how adverse life events impact criminality over time and can provide insight on both female and male offending patterns