Quiz 3 - Chapter 4 Flashcards
What justice system involvement is there in the case of less serious crimes/lack of criminal history?
Receive bail and await trial in community under conditions/court sanctions
What sorts of conditions might be involved in the case of less serious crimes/lack of criminal history?
Promise to appear
Report to peace officer regularly
Good behaviour
Association rules
House arrest
What justice system involvement is there in the case of more serious crimes/criminal history?
Remanded in custody/jail to await release, trial, or plea bargain
What kind of bargains are more common in Canada?
Plea bargain
Plea bargain
Pleading guilty to get a reduced sentence (usually 3 yrs)
How do jail placements get decided?
After a risk assessment by corrections and healthcare staff
What happens after the initial jail placement?
Within a month, transferred to reception prison, then reassessed
What is the risk assessment for?
Custody classification (minimum, medium, or maximum prison)
What is the risk assessment based on?
How the offender will adjust
The risk of escape
Public safety
Correctional plan
Criminogenic needs and program requirements are assessed
What kind of meetings are needed in the case of more serious crimes/criminal history?
Regular contact with parole officer
What happens when someone enters a medium or maximum-security prison?
After 1 year, parole officer reassesses suitability for lower security
Continues to monitor progress on correctional plan
What is something that may happen when someone enters a medium or maximum-security prison?
Offender may apply for parole
Common type of parole
Day parole (supervised) spent in halfway house for 3-6 months before release
What are some common stipulations of day parole?
Avoid criminal peers and illicit drugs
Seek and maintain employment
Complete maintenance programming to maintain gains
Prevalence of technical violation or committing a new crime on day parole
10-38%
Name 6 purposes of punishment
Denouncement
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Social retribution
Promotion of responsibility
Is punishment found to be effective?
Little evidence for effectiveness
“Eye for an eye” is more principle than practical
Punishment lacks immediacy, consistency, and intensity
Vast majority of criminals re-enter society
What has been found regarding programs focused on rehabilitation?
They are more humanizing and are likely more effective
Give 5 examples of rehabilitation programs from the video from class?
Animal farms
Financial literacy class
Horse training
Drama program
Boudot dancing
Why might the examples from the video have worked in lieu of traditional punishment?
Gives individuals a sense of purpose/motivation –> building prosocial attitudes and behaviour
Does punishment as deterrence work?
Longer sentences often lead to increased rates of recidivism
Jail time and economic crimes
No difference in recidivism in jail time vs. no jail time on “white collar” crimes
Death penalty and deterrance
Death penalty has no effect on deterrence
What kinds of programs were not found to be effective when considering recidivism?
Intensive supervision program
Arrest
Fine
Boot camp
Scared straight
Drug testing
Electronic monitoring
What kinds of programs were found to be effective when considering recidivism?
Restitution
Why doesn’t punishment work?
Offenders tend to operate within a rational choice model
Don’t carefully weigh risks and costs of crime
Crime is associated with impulsive “here and now” thinking
Punishment isn’t severe, certain, and immediate
How do people who commit crimes perceive prison vs. community-based sentences? Why?
Perceive prison as less difficult than community-based sentences like probation
Lack of temptation
What kind of environment is prison?
Criminogenic that prevents prosocial supports and increases stigmatization and legal barriers
What does restorative justice emphasize?
Healing wounds of supervisors/victims and communities impacted by crime, and the wounds of those who commit crime
In restorative justice, what is the offender required to do?
Recognize the harm they have caused
Accept responsibility for their actions
Be actively involved in healing the situation
Name 5 types of restorative justice
Survivor-perpetrator mediation/conference or “Circles”
Survivor assistance
Assistance for formerly sentenced people
Restitution
Community service
Survivor assistance
Providing info about participation in sentencing decision-making
2 examples of assistance for formerly sentenced people
Elizabeth Fry Society
John Howard Society
Restitution
Offender financially compensates the survivor/victim
How can restorative justice be more difficult than traditional sentences?
Take more responsibility for actions
Face victim(s)
How did Carolyn from the video benefit from restorative justice?
Decreased fear, anger, anxiety, and likelihood to reoffend
Gained a role model through Megan
Main point of importance surrounding restorative justice
Has to be voluntary
What might be a confounding variable surrounding restorative justice?
Selection bias
Already might have decreased rates of recidivism because they may be motivated to improve themselves and have already committed less serious crimes
What is restorative justice particularly good for?
Restitution compliance
What might restorative justice become?
An effective alternative to incarceration and could complement correctional programming
What might restorative justice processes reduce?
Explain
The odds of general recidivism by 17%
Effects had large variability
Larger effects for young, lower-risk, and White samples
Moderate impacts on satisfaction for survivors and offenders
Impact on violent recidivism is inconclusive
What does the limited research surrounding restorative justice suggest?
That it is effective for improving offender behaviour and reducing recidivism
Rehabilitation and psychology
Now, para-professionals are most likely to provide direct counselling (e.g., role-playing for skills development)
Treatment targets for rehabilitation
Have evolved; psychological symptoms to factors related to crime
What do effective programs for rehabilitation do?
Help offenders understand high-risk situations and improve prosocial skills
3 principles for risk, need, and responsivity model
Risk principle
Need principle
Responsivity principle
Risk principle in the RNR model
Higher program dosage (frequency, length) for higher risk offenders
What does risk moderate the relationship between in the RNR model?
Program dosage and recidivism
Explain the risk principle in the RNR model using examples
Lower risk offenders become more antisocial after associating with higher risk offenders in programs –> lower motivation, denial, rationalization, antisocial views
How many hrs of programming had the greatest impact on recidivism in general?
200
Describe the relationship between dosage and recidivism
Explain
Not linear
A small group of very high-risk offenders may not fully benefit from programming
Serial killers and murderers
Explain the need principle in the RNR model using examples
Criminogenic needs AKA dynamic risk factors rather than just psychological symptoms
Professionals working together to address the need principle in the RNR model
Psychologists should work together with social workers, parole officers, and other correctional staff
Targeting criminogenic needs leads to
19% reduction in recidivism
Targeting non-criminogenic needs can
Increase recidivism (e.g., by 1%)
Responsivity principle in the RNR model
Program should match offenders’ learning style and ability
General responsivity
Offenders respond best to cognitive-behavioural and skills-based programs
What does general responsivity target?
Antisocial attitudes/cognitions and related problem-solving skills, provide practical skills
Specific responsivity
Offenders vary in their motivation and readiness for programs
In specific responsivity, what should the program adapt to? Why?
Individual factors related to intelligence, age, gender, ethnicity/race, and language to maximize benefits
Research findings surrounding the responsivity program
Programs that follow the responsivity principle are substantially more likely to reduce recidivism
What is the last principle discussed in class from the RNR model?
Core correctional practice
Explain the core correctional practice principle of the RNR model
Staff should use high quality relationship skills while modelling and reinforcing prosocial behaviour
Know the Norway prison system as it compares to Canada/US prison systems
Read notes
