Chapter 8 - Violent Offending Flashcards
reactive violence
impulsive reaction to a real or perceived threat
ex: assault due to rage
instrumental violence
premeditated and aimed at achieving secondary goal
ex: assault in order to rob someone
first-degree murder
planned and deliberate
- when victim is a peace officer or when death is caused by terrorism, etc
- mandatory life sentence 25yrs before parole
second-degree murder
murder that is not first-degree
- not planned, excessive force
- mandatory life sentence 10yrs before parole
infanticide
mother causes death of newly-born child when not fully recovered/mind is disturbed from effects of childbirth
- max 5yrs in prison
manslaughter
committed during heat of passion or sudden provocation that overwhelms self-control, or due to criminal negligence
multiple murder
killing 3 or more victims
mass murder
single location with no ‘cooling off period’
- ex: Marc Lepine killed 14 women at Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal
spree murder
two or more locations with no ‘cooling-off period’
- ex: Justin Bourque killed 3 RCMP officers in Moncton
in 2014
serial murder
cooling off period b/t murders usually occurring in diff locations
- ex: Robert Pickton confessed to killing 49 women in BC in the 90s
assault and the levels of it
assault: physical aggression
level 1 - common assault
level 2 - assault w/ weapon, threat of arm, or causing bodily harm
level 3 - aggravated assault, maiming, disfiguring, endangering life
robbery
actual or threatened use of violence when stealing
terrorism
committed for a political, religious, or ideological purpose to intimidate public’s security
- OR to compel a person, gov, or organization to do or refrain from doing an act
example of terrorism
17 yr old boy stabbed and killed receptionist; he was found w/ a note “long live the incel rebellion”
hate crime
motivated by hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, color, religion, sex, age etc
- no formal definition (less ideological and politically motivated than terrorism)
social learning theory: operant conditioning (examples of reinforcement/
punishment)
operates vicariously through observing others:
pos. reinf - child pushes another kid and steals toy
pos. pun - child is scolded by parent, they don’t get toy, feel bad, avoid future aggression
neg reinf - child is bullied and punches bully to silence them
neg pun - teacher scolds child for punching bully, excludes them from field trip
self-reinforcement
- part of operant conditioning
- ex: feel powerful and assertive rather than guilty and remorseful (learned through lack of discipline)
- mediated by cognition; attention, perception, memory (ex: hostile attribution bias)
biosocial model of violence
- genetic vulnerabilities interact w/ enviro factors (bad temperament and no discipline)
- biological correlates of antisocial beh (low resting heartrate, fearlessness theory and stim-seeking theory- esp when combined w/ large fam and poor relation w/ parent(s))
- low skin conductance
- nicotine and alcohol exposure in utero
- lack of oxygen at birth
two-path model of criminal violence
- model showing genetic/bio interactions w/ social factors
- tested on 868 men w/ history of violence
- the two paths are NOT mutually exclusive
Path 1 of the two-path model of criminal violence
neurodevelopmental insults like brain trauma combined w/ antisociall parenting
Path 2 of two-path model of criminal violence
psychopathy and other related diagnoses interact w/ antisocial parenting
- model doesn’t account for combined heritable and social factors that lead to psychopathy
