Quiz 3 Flashcards
1
Q
When was the UNICEF framework determined?
A
- Around 20 years ago
- Result of a long discussion concerning research about child undernutrition and child mortality
2
Q
What did UNICEF recognize for the first time in the report concerning their framework?
A
That undernutrition remained the main cause for child mortality in the world
3
Q
What are the two components of malnutrition?
A
- Undernutrition
- Overnutrition
4
Q
According to the UNICEF framework, what are the three types of causes for malnutrition, disability, morbidity and death?
A
- Basic causes
- Underlying causes
- Immediate causes
5
Q
What are the two types of immediate causes?
A
- Inadequate Diet
- Disease
6
Q
How are an inadequate diet and disease interrelated?
A
- Children who are sick lose their appetite
- If the diet is inadequate, the child is more prone to illness
7
Q
What are the three underlying causes?
A
- Inadequate household food security
- Inadequate care
- Inadequate services and unhealthy environment
8
Q
What may inadequate care refer to?
A
- Hygiene
- Feeding
- Psychological and social support for cognitive and physical development
9
Q
What are the two basic causes?
A
- Lack of capital
- Social, economical, and political context
10
Q
What are the five types of capital?
A
- Financial
- Human
- Physical
- Social
- Natural
11
Q
What is the medicalization of undernutrition? What is the problem?
A
- Approaches that deal with undernutrition using medical approaches (supplements)
- These approaches are NOT sustainable
- The basic causes MUST be addressed for sustainability
12
Q
What are the three major components of the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children?
A
- Food availability
- Food access
- Food utilization
13
Q
The sizes of the components of the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children depends on what?
A
On the number of STATEMENTS by the total interviewees
14
Q
Which sub-component was mentioned the most in the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children?
A
Nutrition knowledge and cooking skills
15
Q
Where is low nutritional knowledge found?
A
- In impoverished, low-income populations
- People didn’t know how to slice baguette from Panera
16
Q
What are constitutional factors in the Determinants of Health?
A
- Age
- Sex
- Other constitutional factors (cannot change)
17
Q
What are the effects of individual lifestyle factors? Give an example.
A
- Might attenuate or worsen the impact of constitutional factors - Ex: you are aging, but you live a healthy lifestyle.
18
Q
What are the five layers of the determinants of health?
A
- Constitutional factors
- Individual lifestyle factors
- Social and community networks
- Living and working conditions
- General socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions
19
Q
What are social and community networks?
A
- Gyms
- Parks
- Roads
- Safe environment to adapt a healthy lifestyle
20
Q
What are living and working conditions?
A
- Agriculture and food production
- Education
- Work environment
- Unemployment
- Water and sanitation
- Health services
- Housing
21
Q
How does climate change affect food availability?
A
- Flood and/or drought
- Natural disasters
- More pests (as temperatures increase)
22
Q
How does climate change affect food access?
A
- Lower agricultural output means lower incomes of farmers
- Increase in food prices
- Lower physical access
23
Q
How does climate change affect food utilization?
A
- Lower food quality
- Low access to clean water (contamination of water)
- Increased vulnerability to disease
24
Q
How does climate change affect food stability?
A
- Unpredictable weather conditions
- Damaged infrastructure
- Increasing economic challenges
25
How will climate change affect crops by 2050?
Decline in yields for eight major crops across Africa and South Asia
26
How will climate change affect marine fisheries by 2050?
- Fisheries yield decreases in the tropics (40%)
| - Fisheries increase in higher latitudes
27
What may climate change affect in the North?
Traditional foods may disappear
28
What are the consequences of heat and water passing critical thresholds?
- Temperature increase (4oC) endangers ability of farms and ecosystems to adapt
- Water cycles will be very different and less predictable (sea levels rise, glaciers melt)
29
Which country will undergo extreme water stress by 2050?
US
30
How many hectares are lost annually due to drought and desertification?
12 million
31
Emerging economies are "hot-spots" for __________.
foodborne diseases
32
How does urbanization contribute to food-borne diseases?
- More demand for risky foods (e.g. animal source foods)
- Bigger markets: longer, complex food chains that are more difficult to control for contamination
- Rapidly intensifying agriculture
33
How does low-levels of biosecurity contribute to food-borne diseases?
- Reliance on veterinary drugs to mask poor husbandry
| - Unsanitary slaughter, processing, retail facilities (especially in South East Asia)
34
How do high-risk of pathogens contribute to food-borne diseases?
- Farms close to industrial pollution
- Use of graywater
- Poor livestock waste management
35
How does lagging governance systems contribute to food-borne diseases?
- Lack of traceability
- Poorly regulated intensification
- More demand for imported, processed foods
36
What are the four agriculture-related risks for food-borne diseases?
- Urbanization
- Low levels of biosecurity
- High-risk of pathogens
- Lagging governance systems
37
The % of hunger and undernutrition increasingly concentrated in _________ countries.
conflict-affected
38
What factors spike the increase risk of civil conflict?
- Climate change
- Epidemics
- Food prices
39
What is the most direct determinant of food insecurity?
Poverty
40
How does Guatemala compare to Latin America in terms of the Global Hunger Index by IFPRI and the Global Food Security Index by the Economist?
There is a gap between both countries in each index
41
How is poverty usually measured?
By income or expenditure
42
What dimensions does the multidimensional poverty assessment incorporates (apart from income and expenditure)?
- Housing
- Food
- Employment
- Education
43
What are the two components of mild/marginal food insecurity?
- Anxiety and worry about UNCERTAINTY in the food supply
| - Budget restrictions affect the QUALITY of the food supply
44
What are the two components of moderate food insecurity?
- Budget restrictions affect the QUALITY of the food supply
| - Budget restrictions affect the QUANTITY of the food supply
45
What are the two components of severe food insecurity?
- Budget restrictions affect the QUANTITY of the food supply - Presence of HUNGER
46
When was the Household Food Security Conceptual Framework published?
1992, but it is still accurate
47
What are the two key words of mild food insecurity?
- Uncertainty
| - Quality
48
What are the two key words of moderate food insecurity?
- Quality
| - Quantity
49
What are the two key words of severe food insecurity?
- Quantity
| - Hunger
50
What % of US households face some level of food insecurity? How many people does that correspond to?
- 12.5% - 40 million people
51
Which tool has the impact to detect sudden changes? Such as what?
- Household Food Security Conceptual Framework - Ex: US Financial crisis
52
Which households show one of the highest prevalence of food insecurity in the US?
Single women with children (30%)
53
What are the three main ethnic or racial groups in the US?
- White non-hispanics - Black non-hispanics - Hispanics
54
What was the prevalence of household food insecurity in Canada in 2004? What about in the US?
- Canada: 7% - USA: 12.6%
55
How did household food insecurity in Canada change throughout the years?
- 2004: 7% - 2012: 8.3% - 2013: 12.5%
56
Why did household food insecurity rise in Canada?
- Social network in Canada weakened - This is how food insecurity responded to national politics in Canada
57
How does food insecurity differ between provinces and territories?
- Provinces: 11 to 18% - Territories: 45%
58
How many children live in a food insecure household in Canada?
1/6
59
Describe food insecurity in Nunavut Inuit households?
- 70% - While half of those are severely food insecure - The country is severely in debt
60
What percentage of Inuit preschoolers are in a food insecure household?
70%
61
Food security is a global issue that mainly affects _______ people.
Aboriginal
62
What did the Voices of the Hungry illustrate in terms of the number of hungry people in developed countries?
Decreased between 2014 (84%) and 2015 (81%)
63
How does food insecurity depend on area of residence?
Individuals in rural regions are more likely to be food insecure
64
How does food insecurity depend on gender?
Females exhibit larger rates of food insecurity
65
How does food insecurity depend on employment?
Unemployed individuals tend to be more food insecure
66
How does food insecurity depend on age?
Food insecurity decreases with age (younger individuals are more FI than older)
67
How does food insecurity depend on civil status?
Single and separated/widow demonstrate higher levels of food insecurity
68
How does food insecurity depend on eduction?
Educated individuals demonstrate less food insecurity
69
How does food insecurity depend on health status?
Unhealthy individuals demonstrate increased chances of FI
70
What are the main challenges related to food insecurity in industrialized countries?
- Access of nutritious foods
- Quantitative restrictions
- Hunger for at risk populations
71
What does reducing the prevalence of food insecurity in Canada require?
Attention by provincial and federal levels of government
72
Why did food insecurity in Canada has increased from 7% to 12.5% (2007 to 2013)?
Social network became weaker
| National politics
73
Give descriptions of the three categories of food insecurity
o Marginal: worry about running out of food and/or limit food selection because of lack of money for food.
o Moderate: compromise in quality and/or quantity of food due to a lack of money for food.
o Severe: miss meals, reduce food intake and at the most extreme go days without food.
74
What is the progression of measures employed as severeness of food insecurity progresses?
Diet change -> grain loan -> small animal sales -> cash loan -> productive asset sales -> farmland sale -> outmigration.
75
— Children living in what kind of households are more prone to stunting and become underweight?
Children living in food insecure households are more prone to stunting and become underweight
76
Describe dietary pattern changes in India and Mexico in terms of sugar and beans
- Pulses and Beans consumption in India and Mexico is drastically decreasing (more than half of what they were eating 40 years prior).
- The consumption of sugar in India has doubled, while Mexico has tripled.
77
What is the double-burden of food insecurity?
- The co-existence of undernutrition and obesity
78
What is the triple burden of food insecurity?
- Undernutrition
- Obesity
- Unsafe foods
79
What is the quadruple burden of food insecurity?
- Undernutrition
- Obesity
- Unsafe foods
- Micronutrient deficiencies
80
Which countries experience the highest overweight/obesity rates in the world?
- Small island states (Samoa, Barbados)
- Their food production systems have transformed the tourist industry
- They rely heavily on food importation
81
How does resilience affect food insecurity?
The higher the resilience, the greater the ability for individuals to reverse the effects of food shortages
82
What are the three kinds of food categories?
- Core foods
- Secondary foods
- Peripheral foods
83
What are core foods?
- Universal
- Staple
- Consistently used
84
What are secondary foods?
- Widespread
| - Not universally consumed
85
What are peripheral foods?
- Least common
| - Infrequent in occurrence
86
What is mild food insecurity?
Worrying about the ability to obtain food
87
What is moderate food insecurity?
- Less quality and variety of food
- Reduced quantities
- Skipping meals
88
What is severe food insecurity?
Experiencing hunger
