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Global Food Security > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the UNICEF framework determined?

A
  • Around 20 years ago

- Result of a long discussion concerning research about child undernutrition and child mortality

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2
Q

What did UNICEF recognize for the first time in the report concerning their framework?

A

That undernutrition remained the main cause for child mortality in the world

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3
Q

What are the two components of malnutrition?

A
  • Undernutrition

- Overnutrition

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4
Q

According to the UNICEF framework, what are the three types of causes for malnutrition, disability, morbidity and death?

A
  • Basic causes
  • Underlying causes
  • Immediate causes
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5
Q

What are the two types of immediate causes?

A
  • Inadequate Diet

- Disease

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6
Q

How are an inadequate diet and disease interrelated?

A
  • Children who are sick lose their appetite

- If the diet is inadequate, the child is more prone to illness

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7
Q

What are the three underlying causes?

A
  • Inadequate household food security
  • Inadequate care
  • Inadequate services and unhealthy environment
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8
Q

What may inadequate care refer to?

A
  • Hygiene
  • Feeding
  • Psychological and social support for cognitive and physical development
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9
Q

What are the two basic causes?

A
  • Lack of capital

- Social, economical, and political context

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10
Q

What are the five types of capital?

A
  • Financial
  • Human
  • Physical
  • Social
  • Natural
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11
Q

What is the medicalization of undernutrition? What is the problem?

A
  • Approaches that deal with undernutrition using medical approaches (supplements)
  • These approaches are NOT sustainable
  • The basic causes MUST be addressed for sustainability
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12
Q

What are the three major components of the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children?

A
  • Food availability
  • Food access
  • Food utilization
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13
Q

The sizes of the components of the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children depends on what?

A

On the number of STATEMENTS by the total interviewees

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14
Q

Which sub-component was mentioned the most in the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children?

A

Nutrition knowledge and cooking skills

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15
Q

Where is low nutritional knowledge found?

A
  • In impoverished, low-income populations

- People didn’t know how to slice baguette from Panera

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16
Q

What are constitutional factors in the Determinants of Health?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Other constitutional factors (cannot change)
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17
Q

What are the effects of individual lifestyle factors? Give an example.

A
  • Might attenuate or worsen the impact of constitutional factors - Ex: you are aging, but you live a healthy lifestyle.
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18
Q

What are the five layers of the determinants of health?

A
  • Constitutional factors
  • Individual lifestyle factors
  • Social and community networks
  • Living and working conditions
  • General socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions
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19
Q

What are social and community networks?

A
  • Gyms
  • Parks
  • Roads
  • Safe environment to adapt a healthy lifestyle
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20
Q

What are living and working conditions?

A
  • Agriculture and food production
  • Education
  • Work environment
  • Unemployment
  • Water and sanitation
  • Health services
  • Housing
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21
Q

How does climate change affect food availability?

A
  • Flood and/or drought
  • Natural disasters
  • More pests (as temperatures increase)
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22
Q

How does climate change affect food access?

A
  • Lower agricultural output means lower incomes of farmers
  • Increase in food prices
  • Lower physical access
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23
Q

How does climate change affect food utilization?

A
  • Lower food quality
  • Low access to clean water (contamination of water)
  • Increased vulnerability to disease
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24
Q

How does climate change affect food stability?

A
  • Unpredictable weather conditions
  • Damaged infrastructure
  • Increasing economic challenges
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25
Q

How will climate change affect crops by 2050?

A

Decline in yields for eight major crops across Africa and South Asia

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26
Q

How will climate change affect marine fisheries by 2050?

A
  • Fisheries yield decreases in the tropics (40%)

- Fisheries increase in higher latitudes

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27
Q

What may climate change affect in the North?

A

Traditional foods may disappear

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28
Q

What are the consequences of heat and water passing critical thresholds?

A
  • Temperature increase (4oC) endangers ability of farms and ecosystems to adapt
  • Water cycles will be very different and less predictable (sea levels rise, glaciers melt)
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29
Q

Which country will undergo extreme water stress by 2050?

A

US

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30
Q

How many hectares are lost annually due to drought and desertification?

A

12 million

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31
Q

Emerging economies are “hot-spots” for __________.

A

foodborne diseases

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32
Q

How does urbanization contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • More demand for risky foods (e.g. animal source foods)
  • Bigger markets: longer, complex food chains that are more difficult to control for contamination
  • Rapidly intensifying agriculture
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33
Q

How does low-levels of biosecurity contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • Reliance on veterinary drugs to mask poor husbandry

- Unsanitary slaughter, processing, retail facilities (especially in South East Asia)

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34
Q

How do high-risk of pathogens contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • Farms close to industrial pollution
  • Use of graywater
  • Poor livestock waste management
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35
Q

How does lagging governance systems contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • Lack of traceability
  • Poorly regulated intensification
  • More demand for imported, processed foods
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36
Q

What are the four agriculture-related risks for food-borne diseases?

A
  • Urbanization
  • Low levels of biosecurity
  • High-risk of pathogens
  • Lagging governance systems
37
Q

The % of hunger and undernutrition increasingly concentrated in _________ countries.

A

conflict-affected

38
Q

What factors spike the increase risk of civil conflict?

A
  • Climate change
  • Epidemics
  • Food prices
39
Q

What is the most direct determinant of food insecurity?

A

Poverty

40
Q

How does Guatemala compare to Latin America in terms of the Global Hunger Index by IFPRI and the Global Food Security Index by the Economist?

A

There is a gap between both countries in each index

41
Q

How is poverty usually measured?

A

By income or expenditure

42
Q

What dimensions does the multidimensional poverty assessment incorporates (apart from income and expenditure)?

A
  • Housing
  • Food
  • Employment
  • Education
43
Q

What are the two components of mild/marginal food insecurity?

A
  • Anxiety and worry about UNCERTAINTY in the food supply

- Budget restrictions affect the QUALITY of the food supply

44
Q

What are the two components of moderate food insecurity?

A
  • Budget restrictions affect the QUALITY of the food supply

- Budget restrictions affect the QUANTITY of the food supply

45
Q

What are the two components of severe food insecurity?

A
  • Budget restrictions affect the QUANTITY of the food supply - Presence of HUNGER
46
Q

When was the Household Food Security Conceptual Framework published?

A

1992, but it is still accurate

47
Q

What are the two key words of mild food insecurity?

A
  • Uncertainty

- Quality

48
Q

What are the two key words of moderate food insecurity?

A
  • Quality

- Quantity

49
Q

What are the two key words of severe food insecurity?

A
  • Quantity

- Hunger

50
Q

What % of US households face some level of food insecurity? How many people does that correspond to?

A
  • 12.5% - 40 million people
51
Q

Which tool has the impact to detect sudden changes? Such as what?

A
  • Household Food Security Conceptual Framework - Ex: US Financial crisis
52
Q

Which households show one of the highest prevalence of food insecurity in the US?

A

Single women with children (30%)

53
Q

What are the three main ethnic or racial groups in the US?

A
  • White non-hispanics - Black non-hispanics - Hispanics
54
Q

What was the prevalence of household food insecurity in Canada in 2004? What about in the US?

A
  • Canada: 7% - USA: 12.6%
55
Q

How did household food insecurity in Canada change throughout the years?

A
  • 2004: 7% - 2012: 8.3% - 2013: 12.5%
56
Q

Why did household food insecurity rise in Canada?

A
  • Social network in Canada weakened - This is how food insecurity responded to national politics in Canada
57
Q

How does food insecurity differ between provinces and territories?

A
  • Provinces: 11 to 18% - Territories: 45%
58
Q

How many children live in a food insecure household in Canada?

A

1/6

59
Q

Describe food insecurity in Nunavut Inuit households?

A
  • 70% - While half of those are severely food insecure - The country is severely in debt
60
Q

What percentage of Inuit preschoolers are in a food insecure household?

A

70%

61
Q

Food security is a global issue that mainly affects _______ people.

A

Aboriginal

62
Q

What did the Voices of the Hungry illustrate in terms of the number of hungry people in developed countries?

A

Decreased between 2014 (84%) and 2015 (81%)

63
Q

How does food insecurity depend on area of residence?

A

Individuals in rural regions are more likely to be food insecure

64
Q

How does food insecurity depend on gender?

A

Females exhibit larger rates of food insecurity

65
Q

How does food insecurity depend on employment?

A

Unemployed individuals tend to be more food insecure

66
Q

How does food insecurity depend on age?

A

Food insecurity decreases with age (younger individuals are more FI than older)

67
Q

How does food insecurity depend on civil status?

A

Single and separated/widow demonstrate higher levels of food insecurity

68
Q

How does food insecurity depend on eduction?

A

Educated individuals demonstrate less food insecurity

69
Q

How does food insecurity depend on health status?

A

Unhealthy individuals demonstrate increased chances of FI

70
Q

What are the main challenges related to food insecurity in industrialized countries?

A
  • Access of nutritious foods
  • Quantitative restrictions
  • Hunger for at risk populations
71
Q

What does reducing the prevalence of food insecurity in Canada require?

A

Attention by provincial and federal levels of government

72
Q

Why did food insecurity in Canada has increased from 7% to 12.5% (2007 to 2013)?

A

Social network became weaker

National politics

73
Q

Give descriptions of the three categories of food insecurity

A

o Marginal: worry about running out of food and/or limit food selection because of lack of money for food.
o Moderate: compromise in quality and/or quantity of food due to a lack of money for food.
o Severe: miss meals, reduce food intake and at the most extreme go days without food.

74
Q

What is the progression of measures employed as severeness of food insecurity progresses?

A

Diet change -> grain loan -> small animal sales -> cash loan -> productive asset sales -> farmland sale -> outmigration.

75
Q

— Children living in what kind of households are more prone to stunting and become underweight?

A

Children living in food insecure households are more prone to stunting and become underweight

76
Q

Describe dietary pattern changes in India and Mexico in terms of sugar and beans

A
  • Pulses and Beans consumption in India and Mexico is drastically decreasing (more than half of what they were eating 40 years prior).
  • The consumption of sugar in India has doubled, while Mexico has tripled.
77
Q

What is the double-burden of food insecurity?

A
  • The co-existence of undernutrition and obesity
78
Q

What is the triple burden of food insecurity?

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Obesity
  • Unsafe foods
79
Q

What is the quadruple burden of food insecurity?

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Obesity
  • Unsafe foods
  • Micronutrient deficiencies
80
Q

Which countries experience the highest overweight/obesity rates in the world?

A
  • Small island states (Samoa, Barbados)
  • Their food production systems have transformed the tourist industry
  • They rely heavily on food importation
81
Q

How does resilience affect food insecurity?

A

The higher the resilience, the greater the ability for individuals to reverse the effects of food shortages

82
Q

What are the three kinds of food categories?

A
  • Core foods
  • Secondary foods
  • Peripheral foods
83
Q

What are core foods?

A
  • Universal
  • Staple
  • Consistently used
84
Q

What are secondary foods?

A
  • Widespread

- Not universally consumed

85
Q

What are peripheral foods?

A
  • Least common

- Infrequent in occurrence

86
Q

What is mild food insecurity?

A

Worrying about the ability to obtain food

87
Q

What is moderate food insecurity?

A
  • Less quality and variety of food
  • Reduced quantities
  • Skipping meals
88
Q

What is severe food insecurity?

A

Experiencing hunger

Global Food Security (8 decks)

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