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Global Food Security > Food Security Measurements > Flashcards

Food Security Measurements Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the take-home message behind food security measurements?

A
  • There is no single instrument that can access food security as a whole - We require more than one type
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2
Q

What is the central dimension of food security?

A

Access

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3
Q

What are the static and dynamic dimensions that assess food security?

A
  • Availability
  • Physical access
  • Economic access
  • Utilization
  • Vulnerability
  • Shocks
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4
Q

What does availability measure?

A
  • Average energy supply adequacy
  • Average value of food production
  • Share of dietary energy
  • Average protein supply
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5
Q

What does physical access measure?

A
  • Percentage of paved roads over total roads
  • Road density
  • Rail lines density
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6
Q

What does economic access measure?

A

Domestic food price index

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7
Q

What does utilization measure (in terms of a static and dynamic determinant)?

A
  • Access to improved water sources

- Access to improved sanitation facilities

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8
Q

What does vulnerability measure?

A
  • Cereal import dependency ratio

- Value of food imports over total merchandise exports

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9
Q

What do shocks measure?

A
  • Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism

- Domestic food price volatility

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10
Q

What are the two outcomes that are measured?

A
  • Access

- Utilization

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11
Q

What does access measure (in terms of an outcome)?

A
  • Prevalence of undernourishment
  • Share of food expenditure of the poor
  • Depth of the food deficit
  • Prevalence of food inadequacy
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12
Q

What does utilization measure (in terms of an outcome)?

A
  • Percentage of children under 5 affected by wasting, stunting, underweight
  • Percentage of adults who are underweight
  • Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women/children
  • Prevalence of vitamin A or iodine deficiency
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13
Q

How do you measure the percentage of children under 5 who are underweight?

A
  • Height
  • Weight
  • Ask parents for their birth date
  • Sex
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14
Q

What is stunting?

A
  • when a child is too short for his age (date of birth, both years and months).
  • Sign of chronic malnutrition
  • Stunted mother can have a healthy child if during pregnancy the household is food secure
  • Children of indigenous people brought up in food secure environment have a standard height, compared to their parents
  • A child who is stunted at the age of 2, will not grow and will stay stunted for the rest of his/her life
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15
Q

What is wasting?

A
  • weight vs height
  • It is a sign of acute undernutrition
  • Wasting is a way to starvation
  • A wasted child will regain weight in food secure environment
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16
Q

What is underweight?

A

Wieght vs age

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17
Q

Differentiate what stunting and wasting indicate

A
  • Stunting: chronic undernutrition - Wasting: acute undernutrition
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18
Q

What are the five methods to measure food security?

A

1) Undernourishment by FAO- Leading method – a combination of data
from food balance sheets and surveys of household income and expenditure;
2) Household income and expenditure survey- tool used measure poverty
3) Adequacy of dietary intake- 24h recall of dietary intake method. Recommended by dieticians and nutritionists. Information is used to see how many nutrients are consumed
4) Child nutritional status- anthropometric indicators- height, weight, age, sex.
5) People’s experience with food security (Food insecurity experience scale- FIES) - Hugo’s preferred method. Might be the closest measure to the reality

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19
Q

What is the FAO method of measuring food security?

A

Food balance sheets

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20
Q

How do you determine food security using food balance sheets?

A
  • The quantity of food produced (in calories) - the quantity of food exported, utilized for livestock, and food wasted (in calories) - Determination of the number of calories necessary for the population - If 100 000 calories are needed, and only 50 000 calories are produced, then half of the country is food insecure
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21
Q

What is the limitation of food balance sheets?

A
  • Does not take into account the nutritional quality (micronutrients) of the food - Does not precise who has access to the food
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22
Q

What is SOFI?

A
  • The last Food Balance Sheet report by the FAO in 2015 - State of Food Insecurity in the World
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23
Q

What is the adequacy of dietary intake method?

A
  • Usage of 24-hour recall questionnaires

- It takes 3 dietary recalls in order to perceive dietary patterns (includes a weekend day)

24
Q

What is the limitation of dietary recalls?

A
  • People’s memory - Time-consuming - Nutrients that we don’t consume very often require more than 10 dietary recalls
25
Q

How do you measure child nutritional status?

A

Through anthropometric indicators

26
Q

What questions are asked in questionnaires concerning people’s experience with food security?

A
  • “What does it mean to be hungry?” - “Do you ever go to bed hungry?”
27
Q

What is the questionnaire called to evaluate people’s experience with food security?

A

Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

28
Q

What was the alternative definition of the minimum dietary energy intake? What was the problem in this measurement?

A
  • Incorporation of physical activity - FAO is not capable in calculating the energy requirement of everyone in the world; would take too much money
29
Q

How does FAO calculate the minimum dietary energy requirement as of 2012?

A
  • They calculate the minimum requirement for SEDENTARY people - Thus, we are underestimating the requirement since not everyone is sedentary
30
Q

What was the “bad news” of the alternative definitions of minimum dietary energy requirements by FAO in 2012?

A

If we project the minimum dietary energy requirements for “normal” physical activity, then the number of food insecure individuals would be 1.5 billion

31
Q

How many people are iron deficient?

A
  • 25% of the world - Pregnant women: 42% - Preschool children: 47%
32
Q

What is the prevalence of zinc deficiency?

A

1/3 of the world

33
Q

What are risk factors for micronutrient deficiencies?

A
  • Inadequate intake - Poor absorption from diet
34
Q

What are the FIES questions?

A
  1. You were worried you would not have enough food to eat?
  2. You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
  3. You ate only a few kinds of foods?
  4. You had to skip a meal?
  5. You ate less than you thought you should?
  6. Your household ran out of food?
  7. You were hungry but did not eat?
  8. You went without eating for a whole day?
35
Q

How many people are hungry according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale?

A

At least half a billion

36
Q

How many people are hungry in the world?

A
  • It depends on the indicator and the methodology - The sources of information are different
37
Q

Who release the state of food security in 2017?

A
  • FAO
  • WFP
  • IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development)
38
Q

What influences the methodology of a researcher? Give an example.

A
  • Their background - Ex: a nutritionist thinks that macronutrient deficiencies is the way to go
39
Q

What do we measure for child nutritional status?

A
  • Height (or length if they cannot stand) - Weight
40
Q

What measurement allowed us to realize that 12.5% of Canadian households are food insecure?

A

Food insecurity experience scale

41
Q

For a child to be considered normal the child should be as close to the _____ as possible

A

For a child to be considered normal the child should be as close to the 50th percentile as possible

42
Q

How many people in Canada are food insecure?

A

1.5 million

43
Q

What is food sovereignty?

A

Food Sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.

44
Q

How can a country become vulnerable + give an example?

A
  • A country may become more vulnerable when more products are imported, especially when the food group being imported is a staple in that country
  • T-diet in Mexico requires a lot of corn. Initially it was all produced in Mexico, but then, because it was cheaper, corn started being imported from US.
  • When the idea of biofuels was introduced in the US, corn became more expensive-> Mexico couldn’t afford it, but they no longer had the means to produce their own corn-> vulnerability
45
Q

Describe volatility and its connection to food insecurity?

A

Volatility makes food stability very unpredictable. Making it hard for farmers to invest into crops. Many countries invested into coffee plants, but they take 3 years to produce the first yield. By this time the market for coffee might have changed a lot -> low profit

46
Q

What are the age frames for breast and complementary feeding?

A
  • Complementary feeding starts from 2 to 6 years

- Until 6 months children should only be breastfed

47
Q

What are the common micronutrient deficiencies?

A
  • Iron deficiency (anemia is a leading indicator for micronutrient deficiency as there are many ways to measure it) 1/4 people in the world are iron deficient
  • Vitamin A (forthcoming)
  • Iodine (forthcoming)
  • Zinc Deficiency - one-third of the world’s population (over 2 billion individuals)
48
Q

What is the most common food insecurity indicator?

A
  • The most used indicator to use food security in the world is UNDERNOURISHMENT (made up label). Whatever this label said until 2015, this was the level of food security
  • Undernourishment was designed by FAO and it asses the amount of calories produced in the country compared to the requirement of population (availability)
  • Undernourishment measures the probability of the person not having access to the calories the person needs in that country
  • It was the indicator to access the Millennium Development goal #1 (which referred to hunger)
49
Q

What is share of food expenditure of the poor?

A

How much of the money available is spent on food. The poorer you are, the larger the share.
Poor people, on average, spend 60% on food

50
Q

Describe problem with undernourishment by FAO

A

Problem: countries do not always have the ability to produce the information. UN has to spend a lot of time to train people in that country so they know how to collect the information

51
Q

How long does it take to do Household income and expenditure survey and describe it
What are the cons?

A

Takes 3 days. It is a tool used measure poverty. Poverty is one of the main determinants of food insecurity. Money is the key of having access to food. In countries like Canada we don’t really need it as we know how much money do people make.
Cons: data is only updated every few years, thus it is not typically used for rapid field assessments in dynamic contexts

52
Q

What are the 2 goals for hunger that were set?

A
  • WFS summit goal (1996 for 2015) was not achieved (half the number)
    Millennium (MDG) goal (2000 for 2015)was almost achieved (half the percentage). This is because if the population grows and the number of hungry people stays the same -> goal achieved
    The benchmark for both of this goals was 1990/92
53
Q

What is the problem with measuring the food intake to compare with food requirements?

A
  • To estimate caloric requirement of someone we need to know about physical activity. The problem is that physical activity data is based on sedentary people. BMI Is used to avoid speculation. Measuring physical activity is very expensive
    If to assume that people are moderately active, the number of hungry people will double
  • Doesn’t reflect quality of food (dietary diversity and micronutrient sufficiency), vulnerability and risks
    Time consuming and expensive -> used mostly only in basic research
54
Q

Which organizations are in the food oriented UN?

A

FAO
IFAD- International Fond for Agricultural Development
WFP- World Food Program

55
Q

How many people go to bed hungry?

A

1M

56
Q

Describe the problem with iron measurement

A

Iron deficiency is usually estimated by measuring hemoglobin, which isn’t complicated- Haemocue
People might have adequate levels of hemoglobin, but still might be anemic due to the iron storage being depleted. This depletion is not reflected in the level of hemoglobin yet
This is why Ferritin measure which is, however, more expensive as we need to take a vein blood sample

57
Q

Age-adjusted per-capita caloric intake vs anthropometric measures

A

Age-adjusted per-capita caloric intake has been used as the best way to measure access to food on the household level, whereas anthropometric measures of nutritional status were the gold standard at the individual level

Global Food Security (8 decks)

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