Quiz 3 Flashcards
Why the miracle?
E asian values; neoliberal: right market, export comparative advantage of highly trained low cost labor; historic/regional background; role of the state
World economic framework modernization theory
Traditional societies-> modern societies through similar development stages
World economic framework neo-liberalist theory
Free trade has comparative advantage
World economic frameworks globalization theory
Developed helps developing with FDI, trade, etc
World economic frameworks communist theory
Capitalist (imperialists) v socialists
World economic framework world systems theory
Hierarchy of nations and division of labor among center and peripheral, hegemonic/core status
Flying geese model
Industrial life cycle-> division of labor among E Asian countries (linked via trade, investment, tech)->promoting economic growth
Political implications of flying geese model
International order in region as hierarchy; does this justify Japanese colonization?
Basics of E Asia dev model
Macroeconomic management, financial system as intermediaries between savings and investment, education policy: human capital
E Asian dev model guiding economic dev
ISI-> export-led growth, encouraging right industry with industrial policies, and cooperating with private sector
E asia industrial policies to encourage right industry
Protecting young industry, adapting foreign tech, encouraging tech innovation, promoting selects industries with direct credit, encourage competition by rewarding winners
E Asian dev model on Japan
Ministry of intl trade and industry; zaibatsu backed by banks; industrial upgrading (textiles-> heavy industry -> auto/electronics); education=human capital; 3 sacred treasures to promote productivity
3 sacred treasures of Japan dev
Lifetime employment systems; seniority wage systems; enterprise unionism
Caveat to Japanese model of dev
Japan was re industrializing
E Asian dev model on Taiwan
Import sub 1953-61, export expansion and heavy/Chem industry (HCI) 1963-78
E Asian dev model on korea
Developmental state->planning and assistance->sustained dev, low inflation, high employment
Authoritarian-> labor oppression and military->chaebol collusion
Local capital chaebol->HCI->state partner for dev
Foreign capital->grants, loans
Differences in e Asian dev model with Taiwan and korea
SK: big chaebols; Taiwan: SMEs
Similarities in E Asian dev model with Taiwan and Korea
Japanese colonial experience, dev strategies, social/political problems (authoritarian regime, suppress democracy, exploit labor)
Why end of e Asia model?
Japan stagnate since 1990s, SE NICs asian financial crisis 1997
Why e asia continues growth?
SK reform from IMF
Modernization theory of democracy
Progressive accumulation of socio-economic changes-> democracy
Caveat to modernization theory of democracy
When poor countries democratize and rich don’t
Marxism theory of democracy
Power struggle between capitalists and working class-> democracy
Caveat to Marxism theory of democracy
In e Asia the working class did not lead the dem transition
Cultural explanation for democracy
Civic culture
Caveat to cultural explanation of democracy
E Asia under influence of Confucianism
Explaining E Asian democracy experience
Modernization and Marxism; economic dev-> middle class and civil society-> demand democracy
Other factors to e Asian democracy experience
Economic dev weakened authoritarian ideology; threat from foreign enemies declines, intl (US) pressure, leadership
Pre-democratization ROK and ROC
Both Japanese colonies, divided nation, anti-communist close with US, authoritarian regimes with similar economic dev, democratized at the same time
SK important presidents
Rhee->Park->Chun->Roh
SK military coups
1961 Park: 1979 Chun
Main factors contributing to dem in SK
Economic dev->middle class; pressure from society (1960 righteous student uprising, 1989 Gwangju dem movement), Roh Tae-woo
How did Roh Tae-woo help democratize SK?
Promised direct election and civil rights; referendum revised constitution; Roh gradually put in dem institutions
Evolution of Taiwan political systems
1945-49: chinese civil war
1987-2000: democratic transition
2000- democratic consolidation
KMT authoritarian rule
Taiwanese= base to regain Mainland; autocratic leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek with democratic facade and suppress Taiwanese independence
Autocratic leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek
Party-state, mainlanders in national politics, dividing local forces with local elections
Social demand for democratization in Taiwan
Feb 28 incident
Students suppress with local police
Workers suppressed with Taiwan Provincial Federation of Labor
Dangwai movement
Economic dev-> middle class
Students active in 1990s with Wild Lily Movement
Dangwai movement
Major opposition movement in Taiwan, began 1970, pushing for democracy and Taiwan independence, support from new political journalism and roots in local politics and moved upwards
Role of Chiang Ching-Ko in Taiwan democracy
Expanding arena of political competition and upward mobility of local Taiwanese within KMT
How did Chiang Ching-Ko expand arena of political competition?
Abolish ban of political parties; introduce election of Gov, Taipei/Kaoshing mayors
How did Chiang Ching-Ko help upward mobility of local Taiwanese within KMT?
Additional members to parliament, more gov and party positions, Lee Teng-hui
Who was Lee Teng-hui?
Local Taiwanese, VP-Pres after Ching-Kuo in 1996, 1st popular elected President
What is the East Asian economic miracle?
1960s-1990s rapid growth in Japan, 4 little tigers (HK, SK, singapore and Taiwan), and SEA Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand with equal distribution of wealth benefits
Preparing for cultural revolution
Ideological contest with USSR, masses “class struggle” and campaigns; factional struggle and blame game after GLF, central role of Mao
Sources of Mao vision and thought
Marxism and Leninism + Chinese history
Mao’s grand vision
Continue revolution in China and global leadership of revolution
Mao’s goals
Replace Liu Shaoqi, discipline huge bureaucracy, expose China’s youth to revolutionary experiences and achieving policy changes in Mao style
Central cultural revolution group (CCRG)
Responsible to Politburo and Mao, mainly his radical supporters; central role in CR and once even replaced Politburo
Red guards
Student soldiers of Mao to defend revolutionary lines
Gang of 4
Political faction at top in CR; blamed with Lin Biao for counter-revolutionary forces so responsible for wrong deeds of CR and arrested
CR impact on targets
Purged but later rehabilitated
CR impact on participants
Adventurous youth; disobedient in long term
CR institutional transformation
Short-term devastated party-state structure but long-term return to dualism; Mao’s reputation: 70% +; 30% -
CR Economic impacts
Experts purged, incentives gone, production down; long term: China needs different path-> capitalist road
Juche ideology
Kim Il-Sung-ism
Basis of juche
Man is master of world and his fate
Emphasis of juche
Role of masses as masters of revolution
National level juche
Economic self-sufficiency, political independence, national defense self-reliance
Juche metaphor
Kim=head; party=body; masses=arms/legs
Origins of juche
1955; Kim Il-Sung personality cult, power and creativity; influence of Korean traditional culture
Application of Juche
Creative application of Marxism-Leninism; purged pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese; only Sci rev thought, in KWP charter and constitution
Songun policy
Kim Jong-Il, military first
Basis of songun policy
Rely on military for revolution, economic construction and DPRK socialism; military-> central institution and prioritize needs of military
Songun and Juche
Songun builds on juche and advances to next level
Why Songun policy?
End of Cold War, collapse of SU; Kim Jong-Il must get power and legitimacy: military is crucial to maintain regime
